Gaultheria~appressa  ~Ericaceae~White Wax berry~(G. appressa var. appressa)~Erect shrub 0.5--2 m high.~~~~White, late spring--summer.~Capsule enclosed in fleshy calyx 7--10 mm diam., fruit weight 310 mg, 330 seeds per fruit (extra data on seed & pulp characteristics in French 1991).~Diaspore: seed, probably wind-dispersed.~~Micorrhizal roots (Zomlefer 1994).~Native.~NC NT CT ST SWS; Vic.~Mt Werong area.~CT: Mt Werong (1962), Jenolan Caves (1900).~Creek edge.~800--1000 m~1000 mm~Rare.~~Gravelly clay.~~Rare in Sydney area, conservation status unknown.
Acrotriche~aggregata~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect, spreading shrub 0.4--1.2 m high.~~~~Pale green, cream or white, April--October.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 7 mm diam., red, mature December--April.~Diaspore: fruit.~~Fruit edible (Cooper & Cooper 1994). Antechinus stuartii eats the flowers (Turner 1982).~Native.~NC CC NT CT; Qld.~Blue Mountains.~CC: Boorai Ridge, Colo Heights, Maroota, Kurrajong Heights, Cedar Gap. CT: Yerranderie Peak, McMahons Lookout, Blackheath, Lawson, Kanangra.~Dry hillsides, ridges and steep slopes.~0--1000 m~800--1400 mm~Rare--occasional.~Dry eucalypt forest e.g. with Eucalyptus sieberi, E. piperita, Corymbia eximia, C. gummifera, Banksia serrata.~Shallow sandy soils, low nutrients, well-drained.~~Yerranderie is southern geographical limit. Conservation status unknown.
Acrotriche~divaricata~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect, bushy shrub 0.6--1.5 m high.~~? 20--100 years.~~Green or cream, May--September.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 3 mm diam., bright or dark red, mature September--December.~Diaspore: fruit, possibly bird-dispersed. Germination difficult and slow, 3--7 months (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Killed by high intensity fire (at Narrabeen Lake 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Fruit eaten by birds (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST; Vic.~Coast and adjacent plateaus and Blue Mountains.~CC: Watagan Mountains, Forresters Beach, Drews Creek, Mona Vale, Epping, Kentlyn, Douglas Park, Helensburgh. CT: Bowen Creek, Blackheath, McMahons Lookout, Murphys Glen,  Kanangra Tops.~Well-drained slopes and banks, sheltered areas, gullies, creek banks (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~0--1200 m~above 800 mm~Rare--occasional.~Heath and low scrub e.g. Allocasuarina distyla. Moist eucalypt forest e.g. with Syncarpia glomulifera, Allocasuarina torulosa, Angophora costata. Warm temperate rainforest and rainforest/open-forest ecotone (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Poor sandy soils from sandstone, shale, low nutrients. Sometimes rocky areas, very well drained (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Sheltered, mid--deep shade.~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Yengo NP, Bouddi NP, Brisbane Water NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Dalrymple Hay NR, Royal NP.
Acrotriche~rigida~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Robust, densely branched shrub to 1.5 m high.~~~~Green, July--September.~Flat-topped succulent fruit (drupe), 3 mm diam., creamy green, mature December.~Diasore: fruit.~~~Native.~CT NWS CWS.~Capertee--Glen Davis.~CT: Genowlan, Capertee.~Rocky hillsides.~400--600 m~600--700 mm~Frequent--rare.~Dry eucalypt woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus crebra, E. tenella, E. rossii; forest e.g. with Angophora floribunda, Eucalyptus punctata, Brachychiton populneus.~Sandy soils from sandstone colluvium, low nutrients.~~Conservation status unknown.
Acrotriche~serrulata~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Honeypots~~Low prostrate shrub to 60 cm high, often forming mats spreading to 1 m diam.~~~~Pale green or whitish, August--September.~Flat-topped succulent fruit (drupe), 4.5 mm diam., January.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~SC NT CT ST CWS; Vic.,Tas., S.A.~Western Blue Mountains.~CT: Mt Canobolas, Hartley Vale, Mt Blaxland, Colong.~Woodland and grassland.~800--1300 m~800--1000 mm~Rare--occasional.~Eucalypt woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus dives, E. dalrympleana.~Sandy loams, low nutrients.~~Conservation status unknown.
Astroloma~humifusum ~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Native Cranberry~~Mat-forming shrub, with branches to 50 cm high.~No.~~~Red, often hidden in foliage, December--September.~Slightly succulent fruit, (drupe), 5--6 mm long, reddish, mature mainly July--October.~Diaspore: fruit.~~Possibly foodplant of moth larvae Poecilasthena pulchraria (Common 1990).~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST NWS CWS SWS SWP; Tas., S.A., ?W.A.~Widespread.~CC: Pitt Town, Castlereagh NR, Epping, Oatley, East Hills, Villawood, Wedderburn, Loftus, Glenbrook, Bomaderry Creek. CT: Kandos, Glanmire, Wolgan River, Cargo, Kowmung River, Mt Lambie, Long Swamp (Kodela  et al. 1992), Hill Top.~Dry woodland on sandy clay soils.~0--800 m~above 700 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Eucalypt grassy open-forest, and woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus fibrosa, E. sideroxylon, E. macrorrhyncha, E. punctata, Angophora bakeri. ~Often on medium nutrient clay soils e.g. Wianamatta Shale but also on Tertiary alluvium, conglomerates, sandstones. Recorded on saline soils in the Lower Boro area, Southern Tablelands (Kodela & Foster 1990).~Full sun--light shade.~Conserved in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999), status elsewhere unknown. Reported in Bouddi NP, Sydney Harbour NP.
Astroloma~pinifolium~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Pine Heath~~Erect or diffuse shrub 50--100 cm high.~~~~Solitary, often appearing clustered at base of branches, March--October, peak August.~Slightly succulent fruit (drupe), 10--15 mm long, September--October.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST CWS SWS SWP; Tas., S.A., W.A.~Coast and adjacent plateaus.~CC: Wondabyne, Berowra, La Perouse, Kurnell, Revesby, Kentlyn, Woronora Dam, Wedderburn, Bundeena. CT: Ben Bullen SF. ~Ridges and slopes.~0--1000 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Heath e.g. with Allocasuarina distyla, Banksia ericifolia; eucalypt woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus sieberi, E. globoidea, Angophora costata.~Sandy loam over sandstone, possibly with clay influence, infertile, well-drained.~~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Bouddi NP, Brisbane Water NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Georges River NP, Royal NP.
Brachyloma~daphnoides subsp. daphnoides ~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect, bushy shrub 30--100 cm high.~No (McIntyre et al. 1995).~Indefinite.~~Cream, August--December.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 25 mg fresh wt. average (J. Howell pers. comm.), 3--4 mm diameter, green--yellow brown, mature November--December.~Diaspore: fruit, both vertebrate and ant-adapted dispersal (Rice & Westoby 1981, Westoby et al. 1990).~Resprouts from ground level or below (Benson 1981, Fox 1988). Resprouting plants flowering within 10 months of high intensity fire (at Narrabeen Lake & Lane Cove River 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.). Seedlings recorded less than 1 year after fire (Purdie 1977). ~~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST CWS; Qld, Vic.,Tas.~Widespread.~CC: Howes Mountain, Calga, Berowra, Frenchs Forest, Mosman, Waterfall, Bomaderry, Agnes Banks, Springwood. CT: Blackheath, Winburndale, Kanangra, Abercrombie Caves, Joadja, Bundanoon.~Dry forest on poor soils.~0--1200 m~above 700 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Eucalypt open-forest, woodland, heath. Margin of upland mire (Kodela 1992).~Low nutrient sandy soils on sandstone, quartzite, sand deposits e.g. at Agnes Banks, Elderslie.~Mid-shade--full sun.~Reasonably common, adequately conserved across its range. Conserved in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999). Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP, Morton NP.
Dracophyllum~secundum~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect or procumbent, glabrous shrub to 1 m high. A different form, the ÔAvon RiverÕ entity in the Woronora River catchment, has shorter and narrower leaves and is covered with long soft hairs (Brown & Streiber 1999).~No.~~~White or pink, tubular 5--8 mm long, July--December, peak September, continuing until December in Blue Mountains.~Capsule, 3--5 mm diam., with pale brown seeds less than 1 mm long, September--December, sporadic March--August (Brown & Streiber 1999).~Diaspore: seed, probably wind-dispersed. Dispersed by gravity, water, wind (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Killed by high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994), seedlings reported after fire (P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Root association with Ascomycete and Basidiomycete micorrhizas, possibly seasonal (Allen et al. 1989).~Native.~CC SC CT ST.~Widespread, coast and Blue Mountains.~CC: Woy Woy, Patonga, Galston, Pennant Hills, Stanwell Park, Appin, Mt Kembla, Macquarie Pass, Springwood. CT: Currant Mountain Gap, Mount Tomah, Lithgow, Blackheath, Hill Top, Fitzroy Falls, Bundanoon, Mt Colong, Bullio.~Lithophyte on sandstone rock ledges and wet cliff faces. Sometimes on clay banks and rarely on tree fern trunks (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~0--1100 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~With sandstone scrub or other moist site species e.g. Bauera rubioides, Leucopogon lanceolatus, Epacris longiflora, Epacris crassifolia , Tristaniopsis collina, Banksia serrata; warm temperate rainforest on poorer soils, M. Robinson, A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Sandstone rock ledges and wet cliff faces, very low-nutrient sites, moisture supply permanent. On very well-drained rocks or cliffs (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.), also recorded on shale (Brown & Streiber 1999).~Sheltered rock faces and ledges in gorges and valleys (Brown & Streiber 1999), deep--mid shade.~Probably adequately conserved though habitat vulnerable to changes in stream quality even in conservation reserves. Well-conserved in Illawarra (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.). Reported in Wollemi NP, Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Budderoo NP.
Epacris~breviflora~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 50--100 cm, sometimes 200 cm high.~~~~White,  November--March.~Capsule 1.8 mm long, mature at any time of year but mostly summer.~~~~Native.~NC NT CT ST SWS; Qld, Vic.~Bathurst area.~CT: Sunny Corner, Rydal, Mt Dunn, Whalania Heights.~Swamps and damp places.~1000--1200 m~1000--1100 mm~Rare.~Swamps, creekbanks, closed heath e.g. with Leptospermum; open-forest e.g. with Eucalyptus fastigata, E. dalrympleana, E. viminalis.~Alluvial soil.~~Conservation status unknown.
Epacris~calvertiana var. calvertiana~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect--diffuse shrub, 20--100 cm high.~~~~White--cream-green, at any time of year, mainly August--December (Harden 1992).~Capsule 2.5--3 mm long, with seeds 0.58 x 0.39 mm (Powell & James 1993).~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST.~Blue Mountains and Woronora Plateau.~CC: Bents Basin (1897), Mulgoa (1916), Nepean Dam, Burragorang Lookout, Cambewarra Range. CT: Springwood, Wingello, Bullio, Berrima, Stingray Swamp, Long Swamp (Kodela 1992), Bundanoon, Fitzroy Falls, Carrington Falls.~Cliffs and rocky areas.~0--800 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Margins of eucalypt forest e.g. with Eucalyptus radiata, E. piperita, E. globoidea.~Skeletal sandy soils, from sandstone or shale bands.~~No recent records for Bents Basin--Mulgoa area and possibly extinct there. Conservation status elsewhere unknown.
Epacris~calvertiana var. versicolor~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect--diffuse shrub, 20--100 cm high.~~~~Tubes pink--red and lobes white or cream, August--September.~Capsule 2.5--3 mm long.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~NC CC CT.~Southern Highlands.~CC: Saddleback, Barren Grounds, Cambewarra Range. CT: Mittagong, Belmore Falls, Carrington Falls. ~Rocky areas, cliffs and waterfalls.~300--600 m~1000--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Eucalypt forest e.g. with Eucalyptus sieberi, Bauera rubioides, Gleichenia dicarpa.~Gravelly soils over sandstone, low nutrients.~~Restricted distribution, possibly rare, conservation status unknown. Reported in Budderoo NP, Barren Grounds NR.
Epacris~coriacea~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender to erect bushy shrub 0.5--2 m high, sometimes to 4 m.~No.~More than 50 years (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~~White or cream, inconspicuous, July--December, peak September--October.~Capsule, 1.4 mm long.~Diaspore: seed, dispersed by wind or gravity (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Probably killed (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~~Native.~CC CT.~Coricudgy area, Illawarra escarpment, Woronora Plateau.~CC: Helensburgh, O'Hares Creek (Keith 1994), Bulli Pass, Calderwood Trig, Macquarie Pass, Budderoo, West Nattai. CT: Mount Monundilla, Gospers Mountain, Blacksprings.~Sandstone cliffs and rock crevices.~0--1000 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Cliff vegetation e.g. with Epacris longiflora, Dracophyllum secundum, Leucopogon amplexicaulis, or drier shrubs e.g. with Acacia amoena, Banksia ericifolia, Banksia serrata. Eucalypt open-forest e.g. Eucalyptus piperita, Angophora costata, Eucalyptus gummifera, E. sieberi (Keith 1994), Tristaniopsis collina, Hakea salicifolia, and in stunted temperate rainforest on rock ledges e.g. with Eucryphia moorei, Ceratopetalum apetalum (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Skeletal sandy soils on sandstone, low nutrient. Exceptionally well-drained, moisture permanent/intermittent (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.). ~Very exposed--sheltered, full sun--full shade (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Endemic to Sydney region, restricted distribution, coded 3RC- on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Habitat limited to sandstone cliffs in high rainfall areas; usually secure from human impact except fire Ñ biggest threat is from periodic collapse of cliffline (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.). Reported in Wollemi NP, Macquarie Pass NP, Budderoo NP, Macquarie Pass NP.
Epacris~crassifolia subsp. crassifolia~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Low procumbent to semi-erect shrub to 30 cm high; young branchlets red-brown.~No.~~~White--cream, November--January.~Capsule, 2--3 mm long.~Diaspore seed,  soil-stored seedbank~Killed, germination within 5 months of high intensity fire (at Bantry Bay 12/1991, L.McD.).  ~~Native.~CC CT ST CWS.~Widespread.~CC: Gosford, Berowra Waters, Bantry Bay, Killara. CT: Newnes Junction, Mount Tomah, Mt Victoria, Wentworth Falls.~On dry or wet rock ledges in gullies and on cliffs.~0--1100 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Cliff lines associated with Geichenia rupestris, Sprengelia sp., Leucopogon amplexicaulis.~Skeletal sandy soils on sandstone, low nutrients, permanent moisture.~Sheltered.~Endemic to Sydney region, habitats restricted, often vulnerable to drainage changes, conservation status unknown. 
Epacris~crassifolia subsp. macroflora~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Low procumbent to semi-erect shrub to 30 cm high; young branchlets red-brown.~~~~White, October--December.~Capsule 2--3 mm diam.~~~~~CT.~Upper Blue Mountains and Southern Highlands.~CT: Wolgan, Blackheath, Wentworth Falls, Belmore Falls, Fitzroy Falls, Bundanoon.~Cliff faces, near falls.~500--1000 m~1200--1400 mm~~Moist cliff vdegetation e.g. with Gleichenia rupestris, Empodisma minus, Baeckea linifolia.~Rock crevices on sandstone, low nutrients, moist.~Sheltered.~Local endemic, conservation status unknown.
Epacris~gunnii~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender shrub to 2 m high.~~~~Pink--white, March--October, peak August.~~~~~~CC NT CT ST.~~CC: Bateau Bay, Maroota, McCarrs Creek, Long Bay. CT: Clarence, Blackheath, Woodford, Narrow Neck, Mt Werong, Hill Top.~Hillsides, ridgetops.~0--1100 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Heath e.g. with Banksia ericifolia, Eucalyptus stricta; woodland with Eucalyptus punctata, E. tenellus; open-forest e.g. with Angophora costata, Eucalyptus haemastoma, E. dalrympleana, E. dives, E. pauciflorum.~Sandy to clay soil on sandstone, granite, low nutrients, poorly-drained.~~
Epacris~hamiltonii~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Flattened or matted shrub to 1 m high or slender procumbent to ascending shrub.~~~~White, July, October--November; possibly pollinated by Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (Cohn 1992).~Capsule, 2 mm long, mature November--January (Cohn 1992).~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CT.~Blackheath.~CT: Blackheath, Katoomba Creek.~Rock ledges, moist gullies, cliff overhangs.~800--1000 m~1100--1400 mm~Rare.~Warm rainforest margin e.g. with Todea barbara, GBleichenia rupestris, Bauera rubioides, Blechnum wattsii, Cyathea australis, Epacris longiflora (Cohn c. 1992); rainforest e.g. Ceratopetalum, Sassafras; scrub.~Skeletal sandy soils from Narrabeen Sandstone, among sheltered damp rocks, low nutrients.~Sheltered sites, mid--deep shade.~Listed as Endangered (Schedule I) NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Recorded from Blackheath only. Coded 2ECi on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Rare, local endemic species, confined to Blackheath--Katoomba area; population in 1992 thought to be about 50 plants (Cohn 1992). Reported in Blue Mountains NP.
Epacris~lithophila~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect sparsely-branched shrub to 30 cm high; old stems dark brown with prominent leaf scars, young stems hairy, red-brown.~~~~Creamish-white, November--December.~Capsule 2--3 mm diam.~~~~~CT.~~CT: Clarence, Mount Tomah, Wentworth Falls, Lawson.~In crevices on rock faces, base of cliffs.~700--1000 m~1200--1400 mm~~~Sandstone rock faces.~~Local endemic species, conservation status unknown.
Epacris~longiflora~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Fuchsia Heath~~Straggling shrub 50-200 cm high. A more robust form with larger leaves and white flowers is found on coastal cliffs from Port Jackson to Botany Bay (Harden 1992).~No.~5--20 years.~~Red with white lobes, or white, at any time of year, peak June--October.~Capsule, 3--4 mm long, , seed size 0.74 x 0.5 mm (Powell & James 1993), average seed weight 0.10--0.15 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.).~Diaspore: seed, no special dispersal morphology (Westoby et al. 1990). Soil-stored seedbank~Killed, regenerates from soil-stored seed. Seedlings reported after a low intensity burn (Bradley 1972) and after high intensity fire 1/94 (at Lane Cove, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Weed growth at base of plant in cultivation can cause sweating resulting in death of plant (Jones & Elliot 1986).~Native.~NC CC NT CT; Qld.~Coast and adjacent plateaus. ~CC: Gosford, Erina, Berowra, Terrey Hills, Narrabeen, Lane Cove,  North Head, Cape Solander, Bundeena, Mt Kembla, Berry. CT: Berambing, Carrington Falls, Robertson.~Sheltered seepage areas in rocky outcrops, headlands.~0--760 m~1000--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~In wet heath e.g. with Darwinia fascicularis, Melaleuca nodosa, Kunzea ambigua, Acacia longifolia, Allocasuarina distyla; eucalypt forest and woodland e.g. with Corymbia gummifera, Eucalyptus piperita, Angophora costata, Eucalyptus sieberi; moist cliff vegetation e.g. with Dracophyllum secundum, Todea barbara.~Sandy soil, often on sandstone outcrops along seepage lines, low nutrients.~Sheltered, mid-shade.~Once a conspicuous species around the immediate Sydney area and used as a popular decorative motif in nineteenth and early twentieth century, now less common due to loss of habitat though conserved in major national parks. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP, Budderoo NP.
Epacris~microphylla var. microphylla~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect, wiry shrub to 1 m high.  ~No.~5--20 years (D. Keith pers. comm.).~5 years (Keith 1996). ~White, at any time of year. ~Capsule, 2 mm long, average seed weight 0.03 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.).~Diaspore: seed, no special dispersal morphology (Westoby et al  1990). Soil-stored seedbank. Recruitment mainly after fire (D. Keith pers. comm.).~Killed (Morrison et al. 1995), killed by fire, seedlings noted after high intensity fire (at Lane Cove & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994), flowering within 2 years (P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Shoot damage by rabbits but not eaten (P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS SWS; Qld, Vic.~Widespread.~CC: Terrey Hills, Ryde, Kurnell, Helensburgh, Bargo, Woodford. CT: Blackheath, Mt Werong, Hill Top, Carrington Falls, Yerranderie, Wingello.~Heath--woodland on poor soils.~0--1000 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent.~Dry eucalypt forest e.g. with Eucalyptus haemastoma; heath e.g. with Banksia spinulosa, Banksia serrata, Acacia myrtifolia, Acacia suaveolens.~Sandy soils, with clay  influence? on sandstone, low-nutrients, periodically wet. ~LIght shade--full sun.~Probably adequate. Reported with Bouddi NP, Brisbane Water NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Epacris~microphylla var. rhombifolia~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect, wiry shrub to 1 m high.  ~~~~White, October--March. ~Capsule, 2 mm long, March--June.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~NC NT CT.~Mainly higher elevations.~CT: Kekeelbon Mountains, Jamberoo Pass, Kanangra Walls, Boyd Plateau.~Rock crevices, creekbanks.~600--1200 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent.~Sphagnum bog, shrub swamp.~Rocky creek banks, sandstone crevices, peaty bog on granite, low nutrients, permanent moisture.~? Full sun.~Conservation status unknown.
Epacris~muelleri~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Small shrub with branches 5-30 cm long, often weak and spreading but sometimes (even on nearby plants) erect and firm. The distinction between this species and Epacris  rigida is not very clear in respect of the forms found in the Blue Mountains.~~~~White or cream, October--December.~Capsule, 2 mm long, mature March--May.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CT.~Upper Blue Mountains.~CT: Coricudgy, Kekeelbon Mountains, Galah Mountain, Newnes SF, Berambing Ridge, Mt Wilson, Mt Hay, Blackheath, Bonnum Pic.~Damp rock faces, rock crevices, cliffs.~600--1100 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent.~Cliffline vegetation e.g. with Dracophyllum secundum, and shrub/heath vegetation e.g. with Leptospermum arachnoides, Allocasuarina nana, Leptospermum macrocarpum, Eucalyptus oreades.~Damp sandstone rocks, ÔpagodaÕ rock formations, skeletal soils, low nutrients.~Sheltered places.~Endemic to Sydney area, coded 3RC- on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Reported in Wollemi NP, Blue Mountains NP, Nattai NP.
Epacris~obtusifolia~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Shrub 50-150 cm high.  ~No.~10--20 years.~3 years (Keith 1996).~Cream--white, July--January, peak September. ~Capsule 3.5 mm long, average seed weight 0.03 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.), July--January.~Diaspore: seed, no special dispersal morphology (Westoby et al  1990), soil-stored seedbank. Non-dormant fraction of total seed crop 15%, minimum temperature for maximum germination ca 60¡C , recruitment mainly after fire (D. Keith pers. comm.).~Killed by fire , recruits from soil-stored seed;  seedling noted within 38 weeeks of high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST; Qld, Vic., Tas.~Widespread, coast and mountains.~CC: Glen Davis, Doyalson, Wondabyne, Belrose, Bondi, La Perouse, Kurnell, Waterfall, Helensburgh, Bargo River, Bulli Pass, Cambewarra Range. CT: Blackheath, Flat Top, Katoomba, Wentworth Falls, Lawson, Woodford, Hill Top, Carrington Falls.~Sedge swamp, moist cliff lines.~0--1000 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Wet heath and sedgeland e.g. with Gleichenia dicarpa, Banksia robur, Lepidosperma limicola, Baeckea linifolia, Empodisma minus, Banksia ericifolia.~Sandy soil on sandstone, low nutrients, poorly-drained sites.~Full sun to light shade.~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Brisbane Water NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Epacris~paludosa~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Swamp Heath~~Erect shrub 1-2 m high.~No.~More than 60 years (D. Keith pers. comm.).~5 years (Keith 1996).~White, June--December, peak October.~Capsule, 3 mm long.~Diaspore: seed. ~Resprouts, secondary juvenile period 1 year (Keith 1996).~~Native.~CC SC CT ST; Vic., Tas.~Blue Mountains and Woronora Plateau.~CC: Liverpool, Helensburgh, Maddens Plains, Glenbrook, Roberston. CT: Lithgow, Clarence, Mt Wilson, Blackheath, Wentworth Falls, Woodford, Mt Werong, Whiaborough Creek, Wingecarribee Swamp, Carrington Falls, Budderoo NP, Wingello.~Swamps, bogs and wet heath.~0--1100 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent.~Sedge and shrub swamps e.g. with Viminaria juncea, Gleichenia dicarpa, Empodisma minus, Banksia paludosa, Leptospermum lanigerum, Baeckea utilis, Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus.~Peaty to sandy soils on sandstone, quartzite, low nutrients, permanently moist.~? full sun.~Conservation status unknown. Newnes Plateau is northern geographical limit. Reported in Budderoo NP.
Epacris~pinoidea~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Semi-erect to erect branched shrub to 50 cm high, occasionally to 1 m, with prominent leaf scars (Crowden & Menadue 1996).~~~~White, January--February.~Capsule 2--3 mm diam.~~~~~CT ST.~Upper Blue Mountains.~CT: Lawson, Katoomba, Linden.~Cliff faces.~600--1000 m~1200--1400 mm~Frequent.~Cliff vegetation e.g. with Dracophyllum secundum, Allania sp.~Silty banks and seepage fissures on sandstone, low nutrients, permanently wet.~Shade.~Localised population, conservation status unknown.
Epacris~pulchella~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender, erect shrub 40--150 cm high.~No.~10--20 years.~3--6 years.~White--pink, November--June, peak January--April.~Capsule 2 mm long, average seed weight 0.07 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.).~Diaspore: seed, no special dispersal morphology (Westoby et al. 1990).~Killed by high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994), some plants flowering within 2 years 8 months and fruiting within 2 years 11 months of moderate intensity September fire (at Lane Cove River, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST; Qld.~Coast and Blue Mountains.~CC: Peats Ridge, Berowra, Cheltenham, Colo Heights, Kurrajong Heights. CT: Mt Coricudgy, Blackheath, Wentworth Falls, Blackheath.~Hillsides, ridgetops, rock crevices.~0--1000 m~1000--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Woodland and heath e.g. with mallee eucalypts Eucalyptus stricta, E. apiculata, E. haemastoma and shrubs e.g. Leptospermum trinervium, Angophora hispida, Allocasuarina littoralis, Banksia ericifolia.~Sandy, skeletal soils from sandstone, low nutrient soils.~~Probably adequate. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Epacris~purpurascens var. onosmiflora~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 50--150 cm high.~~~~Pink--white, October--November, peak October.~Capsule 2.5 mm long.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CC CT ST .~Upper Blue Mountains.~CC: Grose River, Hill Top. CT: Newnes SF, Clarence, Blackheath, Little Hartley, Mt Werong, Nattai.~Cliffs, hillsides, riverbanks.~100--1200 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent--rare.~Moist eucalypt open-forest e.g with Banksia ericifolia, Leptospermum polygalifolium, Hakea dactyloides; cliff vegetation e.g. with Gleichenia rupestris, Blechnum ambiguum, Callicoma serratifolia, Dracophyllum secundum; heath e.g. with Banksia ericifolia, Allocasuarina nana.~Deep alluvial sand or sandy soil over sandstone, quartzite, low nutrients.~~Newnes Plateau is northern geographical limit. Conservation status unknown. Reported in Blue Mountains NP.
Epacris~purpurascens var. purpurascens~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 50--150 cm high, with hairy branchlets.~No.~5--20 years.~~Pink--white, June--October, peak August.~Capsule 2 mm long, October.~Diaspore: seed.~Killed by high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~CC .~Gosford, northern Sydney, Avon Dam.~CC: Dural, Narrabeen, Kellyville, Thornleigh, Epping, Field of Mars, Rookwood, Silverdale, Wilton, Tahmoor, Condell Park, Avon Dam.~Open forest, scrub and swamp.~0--200 m~above 1000 mm~Frequent--rare.~Open-forest e.g. with Eucalyptus pilularis, E. saligna, Syncarpia glomulifera; woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus sclerophylla, E. sparsifolia; scrub e.g. with Melaleuca thymifolia, Melaleuca decora.~Clay soils on shale, shale/sandstone transition and sandstone, medium nutrients, periodically poorly-drained.~~Endemic to Sydney area, listed as Vulnerable (schedule 2) NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Coded 2KC- on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Vulnerable in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999). Threatened by clearing and too-frequent fires, susceptible to localised extinction due to fragmentation of small populations; reported in Brisbane Water NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP (NSW TSC Act 1995).
Epacris~reclinata~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Decumbent or spreading shrub to 60 cm high, with prominent leaf scars on stem.~~~~Pink--red, June--December, peak October.~Capsule 2 mm long.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CT CWS.~Upper and northern Blue Mountains, Southern Highlands.~CT: Coricudgy, Kelgoola, Newnes Plateau, Lithgow, Mt Tomah, Blackheath, Leura, Lawson, Jamberoo Lookout.~Damp sandstone cliff faces and rock ledges.~600--1200 m~800--1400 mm~Occasional.~Damp ledges e.g. with Callicoma serratifolia, Gleichenia rupestris, Todea barbara, Dracophyllum secundum; moist forest/rainforest e.g. with Eucalyptus oreades.~Skeletal sandy soil among sandstone rocks e.g. Pagoda rock formations of Newnes Plateau, low nutrients, permanent moisture.~Mid shade.~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Budderoo NP.
Epacris~rigida~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect rigid bushy shrub 30--60 cm high, with prominent leaf scars on stem.~~~~White or cream, mostly August--September.~Capsule, 1.5 mm long.~~Resprouts from basal lignotuber (Herb. note).~~Native.~CC CT.~Blue Mountains.~CC: Lawson, Culoul Range, Linden. CT: Wentworth Falls, Mt Hay.~Heath on sandstone.~300--1000 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent.~Exposed open-heath e.g. with Eucalyptus stricta, E. ligustrina, Banksia ericifolia, Banksia serrata.~Skeletal sandy soils from sandstone, low nutrients.~Full sun.~Endemic to Sydney area, restricted, conservation status unknown. Reported in Blue Mountains NP.
Epacris~robusta~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect to spreading shrub 50--100 cm, rarely 200 cm high, with conspicuous leaf scars on the stem.~~~~Cream, sweet-scented, August--December.~Capsule 2.5 mm long.~~~~Native.~CT ST; Vic.~Jenolan Caves.~CT: Jenolan Caves (1900) only Sydney record.~~800 m~950 mm~~~~~Only one record for Sydney area and now possibly extinct. Other occurrences mainly south from the Tinderry Mountains in ACT.
Epacris~sparsa~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 60--90 cm high.~~~~Cream, May--September, peak May.~Capsule, 1.4--1.8 mm high, seeds 0.8 mm long (Powell & James 1993), mature September.~Diaspore: seed.~Young plants growing from woody rootstock reported, suggesting capacity to resprout after fire or flooding.~~Native.~CC.~Grose River.~CC: Linden Creek, Burralow Creek, lower Grose River.~Base of rock faces or on rock platforms in the riparian flood zone.~0--1000 m~800--900 mm~Occasional--rare.~Shady ground cover e.g. with Sticherus, Lomandra montana, Lomandra fluviatilis with canopy of Tristaniopsis laurina, Backhousia myrtifolia, Ceratopetalum apetalum.~Damp low nutrient, sandy/clay soil derived from exposed shale lenses between Hawkesbury Sandstone beds. Sites frequently subject to high moisture from wind-driven spray and would be inundated during periods of high rainfall (Powell & James 1993).~Mid--deep shade.~Listed as Vulnerable (Schedule 2) NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Rare, endemic to Sydney area, coded 2VCi on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996), status unknown. This species collected in 1803--5 and 1855 remained unknown until re-discovered in 1991 at Avoca Vale Reserve (Powell & James 1993). Reported in Blue Mountains NP.
Leucopogon~amplexicaulis~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Scrambling shrub with branches to 1 m long.~No.~20--30 years. Abundant in some areas remaining unburnt for long periods.~~Terminal, white, July--October, peak August--September.~Succulent fruit (drupe), average fresh weight 5--6 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.), 3.5 mm long, mature September--December.~Diaspore: fruit, with semi-fleshy layer plus tiny ÔskirtÕ (J. Howell pers. comm.). Possibly a myrmecochore (Rice & Westoby 1981), soil-stored seed.~Killed by high intensity fire (at Narrabeen Lake 1/1994), a few seedlings seen 10--12 cm high within 16 months of high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~CC SC.~Coast and adjacent plateaus.~CC: Kariong, Woy Woy, Berambing, Berowra, Bantry Bay, Willoughby, Rose Bay, Cooks River, Kogarah, Royal NP, Waterfall, Woronora River, Springwood, Bargo.~Sheltered sites on rock outcrops and lower hillslopes.~0--500 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Eucalypt woodland e.g. with Angophora costata, Eucalyptus gummifera, Eucalyptus piperita, Bauera rubioides, Banksia ericifolia, Gleichenia; scrub e.g. with Kunzea ambigua, Angophora hispida, Banksia ericifolia.~Shady wet sandstone rock faces on Hawkesbury Sandstone, low nutrients, permanent seepage.~Sheltered aspects, mid--light shade.~Regarded as  adequately conserved, previously on national rare species list (ROTAP).  Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP (northern geographical limit), Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Heathcote NP, Royal NP.
Leucopogon~appressus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Straggling shrub with rigid wiry branches.~~~~White, inconspicuous, December--February, peak February. Flowers visited by Exoneura bees, and ants (Herb. note).~Dry seed with elaiosome, 1.6 mm long, average seed weight 0.65 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.). ~Diaspore: seed, ant-adapted food body for dispersal (Westoby et al  1990, Rice & Westoby 1981)~Killed by high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994), a few seedlings seen within 19 months (at Lane Cove, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~CC SC CT ST.~Coast and adjacent plateau and lower Blue Mountains.  Heath and dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone ridges. Rare; Muogamarra NP.~CC: Boorai Ridge, Mountain Lagoon, Cowan, Narrabeen, Frenchs Forest, Cheltenham, Pennant Hills Park, Mountain Lagoon. CT: Newnes plateau, Murphys Glen, Lawson, Bundanoon.~Shrubby forest on sandstone, rocky outcrops.~0--1000 m~900--1400 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Heath e.g. with Leptospermum trinervium, Hakea propinqua, Banksia ericifolia; woodland e.g. with Corymbia gummifera, Angophora costata, Allocasuarina littoralis.~Skeletal sandy soil between sandstone rocks, low nutrients, well-drained.~~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Wollemi NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, 
Leucopogon~attenuatus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Shrub usually 20--30 cm high, with hairy branchlets.~~~~White, May--December, mainly August--November.~Fleshy fruit 2--3 mm long.~~~~~NC SC NT CT ST NWS CWS SWS NWP; Vic.~~CT: Sunny Corner, Boyd River.~Rock platforms.~800--1000 m~900--1000 mm~Rare.~Low heath e.g. with Baeckea brevifolia.~Sandy loam on granite, low nutrients.~~Rare, conservation status unknown. Reported in Kanangra Boyd NP.
Leucopogon~deformis~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Bushy shrub usually less than 1 m high.~~~~White, March--May.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 2--2.3 mm long.~~~~Native.~NC CC; Qld.~Centennial Park.~CC: Centennial Park (1901).~~0--100 m~1200 mm~~Coastal dry sandplain heath.~Deep sand.~~Now extinct in the Sydney area.  Early record from Centennial Park is southern limit, now only occurring north from Hawks Nest.
Leucopogon~ericoides~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender shrub to 0.9 m high with finely pubescent branches.~No.~5--20 years.~~White--pinkish, July--October, peak August--September. ~Succulent fruit (drupe), 5.7 mm long with prominent ridges, turning brown, September--October.~~Killed, re-established from soil-stored seed (at Agnes Banks, Benson 1981).  One plant flowering less than 3 years after moderate intensity September fire (at Lane Cove River, P. Kubiak pers. comm.). ~Source of nectar for bees (Clemson 1985).~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST NWS CWS; Vic., Tas.~Widespread~CC: Cheltenham, Villawood, Marsden Park, Agnes Banks, Botany Swamps, La Perouse, Helensburgh, Wedderburn, Yerranderie, Austinmer, Bass Point. CT: Molong Creek, Canobolas, Wentworth Falls, Lithgow, Bindook, Belmore Falls, Penrose, Robertson.~Ridges, plateaux, hillsides.~0--1000 m~700--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus sclerophylla, Angophora bakeri, Eucalyptus piperita, Banksia serrata, Angophora bakeri; heath, seacliff scrub.~Deep sand and sandy clay soils from sandstone and Tertiary alluvium. Indurated beach and marine sand near shore (at Bass Point, M. Robinson pers. comm.).~Full sun.~Conserved in Western Sydney  (James et al. 1999), rare in Illawarra (M. Robinson pers. comm.), status elsewhere unknown. Reported in Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Leucopogon~esquamatus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender shrub to 1 m high, with erect branches. ~No.~5--20 years (D. Keith pers. comm.).~May attain flowering maturity in less than 4 years.~White, August--September, peak September.~Cylindrical, dry fruit, 4.5 mm long, brown, November--December, average seed weight 8 mg, seed with elaiosome ? (J. Howell pers. comm.).~Diaspore: fruit, ant-adapted food body for dispersal (Westoby et al  1990, Rice & Westoby 1981)~Killed by fire, recruitment mainly after fire (D. Keith pers. comm.)~~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST; Vic., Tas.~Coastal and upper Blue Mountains.~CC: Kariong, Berowra, Frenchs Forest, Lane Cove, Helensburgh, Bulli, W Dapto, Mt Carrialoo, Berry Mountain. CT: Bell, Wentworth Falls, Lawson, Woodford.~Swamp, heath and woodland.~0--1200 m~1200--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Shrub, swamp and damp heath e.g. with Banksia oblongifolia, B. paludosa, B. ericifolia, woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus haemastoma, E. gummifera.~Skeletal sandy soils on sandstone, low nutrient soils.~~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Brisbane Water NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Leucopogon~exolasius~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub to 1 m high.~~~~White, August--September.~Fruit (drupe), 4.5 mm long, mature October.~~~~Native.~CC.~Grose River, Upper Georges River, Woronora River. ~CC: Grose River (1894), Leumeah, The Woolwash, OHares Creek, Stokes Creek, Woronora River.~Hillsides near creeks.~0--100 m~1000--1400 mm~Rare.~Woodland e.g. with Eucalytus piperita, E. sieberi and shrubs Pultenaea flexilis, Leptospermum trinervium, Dillwynia retorta.~Sandy alluvium and rocky sandstone hillsides near creeks, low nutrient soils.~~Listed as Vulnerable (Schedule 2) NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Endemic to Sydney area, rare, coded 2VC- on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Grose River populations not reported since 1894. Reported as fairly common in alluvial deposits along Georges River from Macquarie Fields to Campbelltown in 1914. Current status not known Ñ vulnerable to changes in creek conditions and increased weed invasion. Reported in Royal NP.
Leucopogon~fletcheri subsp. brevisepalus ~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~(Leucopogon fletcheri subsp. A)~Densely branched shrub 0.3--1 m high.~~~~White, cream or pink-tinged, pendent, September--November (Powell & Robertson 1993).~Succulent fruit (drupe), 3 mm long, December--February (Powell & Robertson 1993).~~~~Native.~CT ST SWS; Vic.~Mt Werong.~CT: Mt Werong, Wiarborough Gap.~Steep slopes.~800--1000 m~1000 m~Frequent.~Eucalypt open-forest and woodland e.g with Eucalyptus pauciflora.~Stony and sandy yellow-brown or orange-brown soils on conglomerates, granite, low nutrients.~~Mt Werong is northern geographical limit . Relatively widespread, and not considered endangered elsewhere (Powell & Robertson 1993).
Leucopogon~fletcheri subsp. fletcheri~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Densely branched shrub to 1.8 m high.~~~~White, pendent, August--October.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 5 mm long, October--December.~~Probably killed.~~Native.~CC.~St Albans to Springwood.~CC: St Albans, Blaxlands Ridge, Kenthurst, Annangrove, Springwood, Georges River, .~Ridges and spurs (NSW TSC Act 1995).~0--600 m~800--1200 mm~Frequent.~Heath e.g. with Banksia ericifolia, Darwinia biflora, Calytrix tetragona; woodland e.g. with Corymbia eximia, C. gummifera, Eucalyptus haemastoma.~Clayey lateritic soils of Mittagong Formation, sandstone soils near Wianamatta Shale, low nutrients.~~Local Sydney endemic species, listed as Endangered (Schedule 1) NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Coded 3RC- on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Considered rare and endangered (Powell & Robertson 1993). Threatened by fire trails, recreation vehicles, horse riding, erosion and weed invasion (NSW TSC Act 1995). 
Leucopogon~fraseri~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Prostrate shrub with ascending branches to 0.2 m high.~No (McIntyre et al. 1995).~~~White, September--November, sometimes March--May.~Succulent fruit (drupe), yellow, 5 mm long.~Diaspore: fruit, adapted for dispersal by ingestion (McIntyre et al. 1995).~~~Native.~SC NT CT ST ; Vic., Tas., N.Z.~Western Blue Mountains. South from Rylstone area.~CT: Cudgegong River, Rylstone, Capertee, Winburndale, Cullen Bullen, Springside, Jenolan Caves, Mt Werong, Barbers Creek (1899), Bindook.~Rocky areas, slopes.~500--1000 m~600--1000 mm~Occasional.~Eucalypt woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus rossii, E. dives; shrubland and heath.~Shallow sandy soils, on sandstone or granite, low nutrients, often poorly drained.~~Cudgegong River is northern geographical limit, conservation status unknown. Reported in Winburndale NR.
Leucopogon~juniperinus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Rigid, divaricate shrub to 1 m high.~No.~~~White, May--October.~Succulent fruit (drupe), average fresh weight 22 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.), ovoid--ellipsoid, 4 mm long, yellow at maturity August--January, ~Diaspore: fruit, both vertebrate and ant-adapted dispersal (Westoby et al  1990). Coloniser of disturbed sites. Mycorrhizas possibly assist breakdown of woody seed coat and establishment of seedling, but presence not related to nitrogen status of plant (Reed 1989).~Killed by high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Can tolerate Casuarina allelopathy, possibly assisted by mycorrhizal association (Reed 1989). Foodplant of moth larvae Poecilasthena pulchraria (Common 1990).~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT; Qld, Vic.~Widespread, Coast.~CC: Wyong, Woy Woy, Kurrajong, Newport, Mulgoa, Eastwood, Silverwater, Kogarah, Liverpool, Appin, Elderslie, Mt Ousley, Yallah, Shellharbour, Cambewarra.~Forest and open areas.~0--300 m~900--1200 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Moist eucalypt open-forest e.g. with Eucalyptus saligna, E. pilularis, Syncarpia glomulifera; drier open-forest e.g. with E. tereticornis, E. maculata, E. crebra, Bursaria spinosa, and woodland with Eucalyptus eugenioides, E. longifolia, open shrubland of Melaleuca armillaris on ridgetop (M. Robinson pers. comm.).~Clay soils particularly from Wianamatta Shale. On Berry siltstone/Budgong Sandstone/Bombo Latite Member in Illawarra (M. Robinson pers. comm.). Medium nutrients, well-drained.~Light shade--full sun.~Conserved in Western Sydney  (James et al. 1999), widespread in suitable habitat but inadequately conserved in Illawarra (A. Bofeldt, M. Robinson pers. comm.), status elsewhere unknown.  Reported in Dalrymple Hay NR, Lane Cove NP.
Leucopogon~lanceolatus var. lanceolatus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect or bushy shrub 0.7--3 m, rarely to 7 m high.~No.~More than 25 years (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~~White, May--October, peak September., fragrant.~Succulent red or yellowish fruit (drupe), average fresh weight 32 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.), 3 mm long, red at maturity, August--March.~Diaspore: fruit, both vertebrate (probably bird) and ant-adapted dispersal (Westoby et al  1990). Germination slow, 6--18 months, slow-growing (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.). ~Resprouts from ground level, after high intensity fire (at Katandra 1/1994, L.McD.), resprouting plants flowering within 20 months (at Lane Cove, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Fruit and seeds rapidly removed from soil surface after fire by ants and may be prone to predation (French & Westoby 1996).~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS; Qld, Vic, Tas, SA.~Widespread.~CC: Boorai Creek, Gosford, Bilpin, Wahroonga, Narrabeen, Helensburgh, Mt Kembla, Berry, Thirlmere, Springwood CT: Mt Coricudgy, Winburndale, Blackheath, Lawson, Belanglo.~Open-forest, rainforest on poor sandy soil.~0--1200 m~abvoe 900 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Moist to dry eucalypt forests e.g. with Eucalyptus saligna, E. pilularis, E. sieberi, Syncarpia glomulifera, Angophora floribunda, tall open-forest/rainforest ecotone. Warm temperate rainforest on poorer sandy soils (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.). Margin of upland mire (Kodela 1992).~Most types of soil, often with some clay on sandstone, Wianamatta Shale, Basalt; Beach sands in Illawarra (A. Bofeldt, M. Robinson pers. comm.) low--high nutrient soil, well-drained.~Mid-shade (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Dalrymple Hay NP, Lane Cove NP, Royal NP, Royal NP. Budderoo NP.
Leucopogon~margarodes~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub to 70 cm high.~No.~~~February--June.~Fruit (drupe), 3--4 mm long, green with a white fleshy base.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~NC CC.~North of Broken Bay.~CC: North Entrance, Kincumber, Wondabyne.~Swamp margins.~0--100 m~above 1200 mm~Occasional.~Coastal heath, dry eucalypt forest e.g. with Eucalyptus robusta, Banksia collina.~Sandy soil, low nutrients.~~Wondabyne is southern geographical limit. Conservation status unknown. Reported in Brisbane Water NP.
Leucopogon~microphyllus var. microphyllus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Bushy or spreading shrub to 1 m high.  ~No.~5--20 years (D. Keith pers. comm.).~May attain flowering maturity in 4--5 years (Benson 1985). ~White, at any time of year, but mainly July--October. ~Dry fruit with flaky coat attractive to ants, 1--2 embryos per fruit, average weight 0.7 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.), 1.2--1.5 mm long, mainly August--October.~Ant-adapted food body for dispersal (Westoby et al. 1990). ~Killed by high intensity fire, seedlings flowering within 2 years (at Lane Cove River & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.). Regrowth from rootstock reported by B. Wiecek at Kenthurst (5/1993). Regenerates from soil-stored seed, seedlings 2 years after fire.~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST CWS; Qld.~Widespread~CC: Kenthurst, Cheltenham, Middle Harbour, Royal NP, Bulli, Dapto, Barren Grounds CT: Coricudgy, Winburndale, Clarence, Woodford, Kanangra.~Ridges and hillsides.~0--1200 m~900--1600 mm~Frequent.~Heath e.g. with Banksia ericifolia, Allocasuarina nana, Allocasuarina distyla and dry sclerophyll forest e.g. Eucalyptus gummifera, E. piperita, E. eximia.~Sandy soil on sandstone, quartzite, low nutrient.~~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Leucopogon~microphyllus var. pilibundus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Bushy or spreading shrub to 1 m high.  ~~~~White, August--October. ~Succulent fruit (drupe), 1.2--1.5 mm long.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~SC NT CT ST CWS SWS; Vic.~Tablelands, higher altitudes.~CT: Coricudgy Creek, Currant Mountain Gap, Wallerawang, Winburndale NR, Mullion Creek SF, Taralga.~Upper slopes, ridges, rocky creek banks.~800--1200 m~800--1000 mm~Frequent.~Open-forest and woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus rossii, E. sparsifolia, E. dives, E. goniocalyx, E. piperita.~Clayey--sandy soil on conglomerate, sandstones, shales.~~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Winburndale NR.
Leucopogon~muticus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect straggly shrub to 1.5 m high.~~Medium.~~White, scented, July--October, peak September.~Black, succulent fruit (drupe), 3.0--4.5 mm long, black, October--January, peak December.~Diaspore: fruit.~May resprout after low or medium intensity fires, flowering in winter following such fires (R. Lembit pers comm.).~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS CWS SWS; Qld.~Blue Mountains and Hornsby Plateau.~CC: Howes Valley, Mellong Range, Lower Portland, Wisemans Ferry, Dural, Springwood, Glenbrook, Nortons Basin CT: Mt Coricudgy, Tayan Peak, Glen Davis, Mt Wilson, Mt Victoria.~Upper slopes and ridges.~0--1000 m~700--1000 mm~Frequent--dominant.~Dry sclerophyll forest e.g. with Eucalyptus eximia, Eucalyptus punctata, Angophora bakeri, Corymbia gummifera, Eucalyptus haemastoma, Angophora costata, Eucalyptus sparsifolia, E. rossii.~Skeletal sandy soil on sandstone. Could be indicator of clay influence?~Frequent species, and widespread on drier parts of sandstone plateau.~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Munghorn Gap NR, Marramarra NP.
Leucopogon~neo-anglicus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub to 0.8 m high.~~~~White, March--October.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 3 mm long, reddish brown to grey brown.~~~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS; Qld.~Southern part of area.~CC: West Cambewarrra, Nowra. CT: Wingello. ~~0--600 m~above 900 mm~~~Peaty soil, low nutrients.~~Rare, conservation status unknown, last collected at Wingello in 1959.
Leucopogon~parviflorus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Coastal Bearded-Heath~~Erect shrub or small tree 1--5 m high.~No.~20--100 years (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~~White, fragrant, July--October, peak August.~Succulent fruit, fruit white/pale green, edible, sweet, 5 mm long (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Diaspore: fruit, bird-dispersed, slow to germinate 6--18 months, slow-growing, coloniser of sand dunes (A. Bofeldt, M. Robinson pers. comm.).~~Mycorrhizal association with roots, likely to assist nutrition (Logan et al. 1989). Foodplant of Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae (Barker & Vestjens 1989, 1990). ~Native.~NC CC SC; LHI, Qld, Vic., Tas., S.A., W.A., N.Z.~Coast, near the sea.~CC: North Entrance, Ettalong, Avalon, Manly, Maroubra, Cronulla, Austinmer, Lake Illawarra, Bass Point, Shellharbour.~Coastal sand dunes.~0--50 m~1200--1400 mm~Occasional--frequent.~Dune scrub e.g. with Acacia sophorae, and low open-forest behind beach e.g. with Eucalyptus pilularis, E. gummifera, Angophora costata.~Dune sand or less commonly on sandstone, low nutrient, well-drained. Moisture intermittent (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Very exposed to sheltered, full sun--mid shade (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Brisbane Water NP.
Leucopogon~pilifer~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Dwarf shrub, often mat-forming, with branches to 10 cm long.~~~~White, October--February.~Fleshy fruit 2 mm long.~~~~~NT CT ST; Vic., Tas.~~CT: Mt Piper, Boyd Plateau.~Swamps.~800--1200 m~900--1000 mm~~Shrubswamp e.g. with Empodisma minus, Restio australis.~Peaty soils, low nutrients, permanently moist.~~Rare, conservation status unknown. Reported in Kanangra Boyd NP.
Leucopogon~setiger~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect to spreading shrub 0.3--1.5 m high.~~~~White, pendent, July--October, peak August--September.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 4.2 mm long, yellow--green at maturity, October--December.~Diaspore: fruit, adapted for ant-dispersal (Rice & Westoby 1981)~Killed by high intensity fire, no seedlings seen (at Lane Cove River & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~CC SC CT CWS.~Widespread~CC: Cowan, Roseville, Heathcote, Tahmoor, Springwood CT: Mt Coricudgy, Clarence, Blackheath, Hill Top, Bundanoon.~Shrubby woodland on sandstone.~0--1200 m~above 900 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Shrubby woodland and forest e.g with Eucalyptus gummifera, E. eximia, E. piperita, Angophora costata.~Sandy loam or shallow peaty soil, sandstone, low nutrient soils.~~Conservaton status unknown. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Royal NP.
Leucopogon~virgatus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender shrub 35--45 cm high.~~~~White, in spikes, July--December, peak September--October.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 2.3 mm long, mature October--November.~~Resprouts from ground level or below (Benson 1981, Fox 1988). No seedlings recorded within 1 year after fire (Purdie 1977).~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS CWS SWS; Qld, Vic., S.A.~Widespread, coast and south of area.~CC: Howes Swamp, Richmond, La Perouse, Long Bay, Kogarah, Wedderburn, St Marys, Campbelltown, Barrengarry. CT: Mt Towinhingy, Clandulla, Orange, Tuglow Caves, Abercrombie Caves, Mt Jellore, Mittagong, Berrima, Hill Top.~Ridges, hillsides, sand dunes.~0--1000 m~700--1200 m~Frequent--occasional.~Woodland e.g. with Angophora floribunda, A. bakeri, Eucalyptus sclerophylla, E. parramattensis, Banksia serrata, Eucalyptus rossii, E. dalrympleana, E. dives; heath e.g. with Brachyloma daphnoides, Acacia suaveolens, Leptospermum laevigatum, Acacia sophorae, Philotheca salsolifolia.~Sandy soil from sandstone, slates, Devonian metasediments, dune sand, very low nutrients.~~Conserved in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999), status elsewhere unknown.
Lissanthe~sapida~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Native Cranberry~~Bushy shrub to 1m high.~~~~Creamy white, March--September.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 6.0 mm long, red, mature June--February.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~CC CT.~Lower Blue Mountains.~CC: Culoul Range, Wheeny Creek, Vale of Avoca, Genbrook, Springwood, Linden, Erskine Creek, Grose River, Bents Basin, Tahmoor. CT: Woodford, Lawson.~Ridges, hillsides, rocky ledges, sometimes along creeks.~0--800 m~900--1200 mm~Rare--occasional.~Eucalypt open-forest e.g. with Eucalyptus gummifera, E. eximia, Angophora costata, Syncarpia glomulifera, Allocasuarina torulosa.~Sandy soil on sandstone, or shale/sandstone transition, low nutrients.~~Endemic to Sydney area, coded 3RCa on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996), probably adequately conserved e.g. in Blue Mountains/Wollemi NP. Reported in Lane Cove NP, Gulguer NR.
Lissanthe~sp. B sensu~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~(L. pleiosperma)~Erect, open-branched shrub 30--80 cm high.~~~~White, August--October.~Fleshy fruit 3 mm long.~~~~~NC CC; Qld.~Woy Woy.~CC: Woy Woy.~~0--100 m~1200 mm~~~~~Rare, southern geographic limit is Woy Woy, with only one record in 1969.
Lissanthe~strigosa subsp. strigosa~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Peach Heath~~Erect shrub 30--100 cm high, leaves dense on branches, 3.4--5.8 mm long usually with a single thick midrib grooved on each side, on under surface (Powell & Wiecek 1994).~No vegetative spread.~Long.~~White--pink, July--September, peak August--September.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 3 mm long, sweet tasting when ripe Cribb (1975), matures September--November and drops.~Diaspore: fruit, adapted for dispersal by ingestion (McIntyre et al. 1995).~Resprouts from base after high intensity fire (Narrabeen Lake 1/1994), one plant flowering within 9 months  (P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~NC CC.~Mainly western Sydney.~CC: Howes Mountain, Sackville, Vineyard, Agnes Banks, St Marys, Bankstown, St Marys, Rookwood, East hills, Kentlyn, Mulgoa, Douglas Park, Broughton Pass. ~Low-lying, flatter sites.~0--300 m~700--1000~Frequent--occasional.~Open-forest and woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus fibrosa, Angophora bakeri, Melaleuca decora, Eucalyptus longifolia, E. sideroxylon, E. parramattensis.~Tertiary alluvium, Wianamatta Shale, and less commonly on sandstone. Fine light yellow-grey or orange-brown clayey soils that are probably subjected to periodic inundation, poorly-drained (Powell 1994). Where growing together, L. strigosa subsp. strigosa occupies fine claysoils on ridgetops, while L. strigosa subsp. subulata is on rocky slopes.~~Conserved in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999). Reported in Castlereagh NR, Marramarra NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Sydney Harbour NP.
Lissanthe~strigosa subsp. subulata~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Peach Heath~~Erect shrub 30--100 cm high, leaves 6.1--16.5 mm long with veins strongly 3--5-ribbed and grooved on undersurface (Powell 1994).~No vegetative spread.~long~~White--pink, July--October, peak August--September.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 3 mm long, edible, sweet tasting when ripe Cribb (1975), matures October--December and drops. ~Diaspore: fruit, adapted for dispersal by ingestion (McIntyre et al. 1995).~Resprouts from base.~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS CWS SWS NWP; Qld,Vic., Tas., S.A.~Coast and adjacent plateaus and lower Blue Mountains.  ~CC: Colo Heights, Wilberforce, Glenorie, Willoughby, Cronulla, Loftus, Maldon, Macquarie Pass. CT: Capertee, Turondale, Bathurst, Lithgow, Springwood, Lawson, Hill Top, Abercrombie Caves, Mt Armour.    ~Rocky ridges, stony slopes (Powell 1994)~0--1000 m~above 600 mm~Occasional--frequent.~Open-forest and woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus eximia, Corymbia gummifera, E. punctata, Angophora bakeri, A. costata; scrub e.g. with Kunzea ambigua, Banksia serrata, Acacia myrtifolia.~Skeletal sandy loam over sandstone, well-drained low nutrients, also loamy and clayey soils over sedimentary and igneous rocks (Powell & Wiecek 1994).~~Widespread and probably adequately conserved except in Sydney suburban area. Reported in Georges River NR, Royal NP.
Melichrus~erubescens~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Ruby Urn Heath~~Bushy shrub 30--120 cm high.~~~~Pink--deep red, February--October.~Succulent, ribbed fruit (drupe), 5 mm long.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~CT NWS CWS SWS.~Lithgow area.~CT: Newnes Plateau, Pantoneys Crown.~Sandstone pagodas and slopes.~800--1000 m~900--1000 mm~Rare.~Scrub e.g. with Hakea, Banksia , or eucalypt woodland.~Shallow alluvial sand over sandstone, low nutrients.~~Rare in Sydney area, mainly western slopes. Conservation status unknown.
Melichrus~procumbens~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Jam Tarts~~Procumbent shrub to 20 cm high. Vernacular name comes from the peculiar shape of the open flowers and the large amount of nectar present.~~~~Cream or pale green with pink-tinged lobes, May--October, peak September.~Succulent fruit (drupe), mature August--November.~~Resprouts from ground level or below (Fox 1988).~~Native.~NC CC NT CT; Qld.~Coast and Hornsby plateau.~CC: Morisset, Howes Swamp, Kulnura, Bucketty, South Maroota, Pennant Hills, Narrabeen, Lane Cove NP, Kogarah, East Hills. CT: Coricudgy. ~Plateaus.~0--700 m~900--1400 mm~Rare--frequent.~Eucalypt forest e.g. with Eucalyptus gummifera, E. punctata, Angophora bakeri, heath e.g. with Angophora hispida, Banksia ericifolia.~Low-nutrient sandstone soils, deep sandy loam, well-drained.~~Southern geographical limit East Hills. Vulnerable in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999). Conservation status elsewhere unknown. Reported in Brisbane Water NP, Lane Cove NP.
Melichrus~urceolatus~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Urn Heath~~Erect, stiffly branched shrub 20--150 cm high.~No (McIntyre et al. 1995).~~~White, cream or yellow-green, March--November.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 4 mm long, greenish white or purple-brown, July--November.~Diaspore: fruit, adaptation for dispersal by ingestion (McIntyre et al. 1995). ~Regrowth from surviving rootstocks, no seedlings recorded less than 1 year after fire (Purdie 1977).~Flowers eaten by Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans (Lepschi 1993). ~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS CWS SWS NWP SWP; Qld,Vic.~Higher parts of Blue Mountains.~CC: Boorai Creek, Kenthurst, Wedderburn. CT: Nullo Mountain, Capertee, Mullions Range, Winburndale NR. Blackheath, Taralga, Abercrombie River, Tallong.~Steep slopes, hillsides.~0--1200 m~700--1000 mm~Occasional--frequent.~Eucalypt woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus eximia, E. gummifera, E. sclerophylla, E. sparsifolia, E. rossii, E. macrorhyncha, E. dives, E. mannifera, Callitris woodland and Acacia scrub.~Sandy or loamy soils on sandstone, acid volcanics, shaley soils, sometimes on disturbed sites.~~Widespread species, conservation status unknown. Reported in Winburndale NR, Gardens of Stone NP.
Monotoca~elliptica~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Bushy shrub or small tree to 4 m, sometimes to 8 m high. ~No.~Long-lived, more than 100 years. Some near Moore Park pre-date Centennial Park (M. Reed pers. comm.).~~White--cream, July--October, peak August.~Fleshy fruit (drupe), 3--4 mm long, orange or red, August--November.~Diaspore: fruit, probably bird-dispersed. Seedlings appear to establish in areas long unburnt. Germination slow and difficult, slow-growing (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Resprouts from epicormic shoots (at La Perouse), though survival may be patchy. Most of population killed by high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River 1/1994), a few resprouting, no seedlings seen (P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Fruit eaten by Noisy Miners. Foodplant of butterfly larva Neolucia mathewi (Common & Waterhouse 1982).~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST; Qld, Vic., Tas.~Widespread, but frequently near the sea.  ~CC: Norah Head, Vale of Avoca, Narrabeen, Neilsen Park, Abbotsford, La Perouse, Cronulla, Corrimal, Bass Point, Seven Mile Beach. CT: Newnes Plateau, Blackheath, Leura Falls.~Headlandss, sand dunes, creekbanks.~0--1000 m~1100--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Eucalypt open-forest e.g. with Eucalyptus robusta, Angophora costata, Eucalyptus botryoides, low-forest and cliff-top scrub e.g. with Acmena smithii, Banksia integrifolia, Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Leptospermum laevigatum; riparian thicket e.g. with Tristaniopsis laurina, Backhousia salignus, Lomatia myricoides.~Coastal sand dunes, sandy soil over sandstone, low nutrients, well-drained.~Light shade (M. Robinson pers. comm.).~Not necessarily well conserved, coastal populations often include many senescent plants with little juvenile recruitment. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Georges River NR.
Monotoca~ledifolia~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Compact shrub 30--50 cm high.~~~~White, May (1 record).~Fleshy, ribbed fruit (drupe), 2.8 mm long, mature July--November.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~CC CT.~Woronora Plateau and Leura (1 record).~CC: Waterfall, Heathcote NP, Woronora River, Darkes Forest, Budderoo, Hill Top. CT: Wentworth Falls, Leura, Howes Swamp.~Rocky areas, cliff edges, along creeks.~0--1000 m~900--1400 mm~Rare--frequent.~Scrub or shrubland with mallees e.g. Eucalyptus stricta, E. obtusifolia, Allocasuarina nana, Kunzea capitata; riparian scrub with Tristaniopsis laurina, Hakea salicifolia, woodland.~Shallow soil on sandstone, very low nutrients, watertable mostly low.~Exposed sites.~Endemic to Sydney region, coded 3RC-  on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Reported in Royal NP, Heathcote NP, Nattai NP.
Monotoca~scoparia ~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Compact to spreading shrub 30--120 cm high.~No (McIntyre et al. 1995).~Medium--long.~~White, March--July, peak April--May. Large-flowered plants visited by introduced bee, small-flowered plants by by little black native bee (I. Bowden Herbarium note). ~Fleshy fruit (drupe), average fresh weight 7 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.), 3 mm long, yellow--orange, mature December--June.~Diaspore: fruit, adapted for dispersal by ingestion (McIntyre et al. 1995), both vertebrate and ant-adapted dispersal (Westoby et al  1990). Myrmecochore (Rice & Westoby 1981).~Stems killed, regenerates from basal sprouts (e.g. at Agnes Banks (Benson 1981), after high-intensity fire at Katandra 1/1994, L.McD.). No seedlings recorded less than 1 year after fire (Purdie 1977). A few resprouting plants flowering within 17 months of  high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Foodplant of butterfly larva Neolucia mathewi (Common & Waterhouse 1982) and moth larvae Poecilasthena pulchraria (Common 1990). Low palatability, mortality unaffected by grazing after fire (Leigh & Holgate 1979).~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS CWS; Qld, Vic., Tas., S.A.~Widespread. ~CC: Bucketty, Central Mangrove, Narrabeen, Botany Bay, Darkes Forest, Bulli, Bents Basin, Bargo. CT: Gospers Mountain, Mt. Coricudgy, Cullen Bullen, Lidsdale, Winburndale NR, Limekilns, Mt Wilson, Oberon, Blackheath, Jellore Creek.~Ridges, hillslopes.~0--1000 m~700--1600 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Eucalypt forest, woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus piperita, E. sieberi, E. blaxlandii, E. oreades, E. dalrympleana, E. pauciflora, E. rossii, Corymbia eximia, Angophora costata, Eucalyptus agglomerata, and occasionally heath.~Sandy loam soil, over sandstone, conglomerate, sand dunes, low nutrients. ~~Widespread and common species that is generally well conserved. Conserved in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999). Reported in Wollemi NP, Winburndale NR, Yengo NP, Kanangra Boyd NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Rupicola~apiculata ~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~(Epacris apiculata)~Slender, erect shrub to 45 cm high.~~~~White, October--March, peak October--November.~Capsule, 1.5 mm long, with many seeds, mature December.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CT.~Upper Blue Mountains.~CT: Blackheath, Leura, Wentworth Falls.~On rock ledges.~850--1000 m.~1100--1400 mm~Frequent.~Rock ledge vegetation e.g. with Geichenia rupestris, Epacris reclinata, E. crassifolia, Sprengelia monticola.~On rock ledges, low nutrient sandstone, permanently wet, receiving drips from steep cliffs above and seepage.~Mid shade.~Endemic to Sydney region, restricted to Blackheath--Wentworth Falls, coded 2RCa on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Probably adequately conserved, several populations lie within Blue Mountains NP (Telford 1992)
Rupicola~ciliata ~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Decumbent shrub with branches to 50 cm long.~~~~White or cream, October--December, peak November.~Capsule 2.5 mm long, with many seeds, mature December--January.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CC CT.~Kurrajong area.~CC: Kurrajong Heights, Wheeny Creek, Bilpin. CT: Bungleloori Creek, Yarramun Creek.~Rock crevices, rock ledges and beneath cliff overhangs.~400--900 m~900--1200 mm~Frequent.~Rock ledge vegetation with e.g. Acrophyllum australe, Gleichenia rupestris, in open-forest with Eucalyptus piperita, E. gummifera, E. agglomerata.~Crevices and shallow benches on sandstone cliffs, low nutrient.~Sheltered.~Endemic to Sydney region, coded 2RC- t  on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996) well-conserved, all known populations are within Blue Mountains and Wollemi NP (Telford 1992).
Rupicola~decumbens ~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Straggling, decumbent shrub with branches to 80 cm long.~~~~White or cream, July--December.~Hairy capsule, 2.2 mm long, with many seeds, mature July.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CT.~~CT: Coricudgy, Kelgoola, Glen Davis, Mt Cameron.~Cliff faces, ledges, and at base of cliffs.~550--950 m~600--1000 mm~Rare.~Cliff line vegetation e.g. with Gleichenia rupestris, Epacris reclinata, Todea barbara.~Skeletal soil in rock crevices and base of sandstone cliffs, low nutrient, moist.~South to north-west aspects, sheltered.~Endemic to Sydney region, coded 2RC- on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Several populations lie within Wollemi NP (Telford 1992).
Rupicola~sprengelioides~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 1-2 m high with white flowers.~~~~White, at any time, peak November--December.~Capsule, 2 mm long, with many seeds.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CC CT.~Blue Mountains.~CC: Burragorang Lookout, Erskine Lookout, Mt Hoggett. CT: Kings Tableland, McMahons Lookout.~Sandstone ledges, cliff faces, rocky ground.~0--650 m~1200--1400 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Cliff faces e.g. with Dracophyllum secundum, Hymenophyllum cupressiforme, Platysace lanceolata; open-forest with Eucalyptus punctata, Angophora costata, Eucalyptus seiberi, E. piperita.~Low nutrient skeletal sandy soils on sandstone, cracks in vertical cliff faces.~~Endemic to Sydney region. Rare, coded 2RC- t on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996), known from only a few populations, some in Blue Mountains NP (Telford 1992).
Sprengelia~incarnata~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Shrub 50-200 cm high. ~~5--20 years.~May attain flowering maturity at 50 cm high in less than 4 years. ~Pink, June--November, peak August--September.~Capsule, 1.8 mm long, mature September--December.~Diaspore: seed. Recruitment mainly after fire, fire temperature more than 60¡ C for maximum germination, non-dormant fraction of total seed crop 33% (D. Keith pers. comm.).~Killed by high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River, P. Kubiak pers. comm.), re-establishes from soil-stored seed. ~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST CWS; Vic., Tas., S.A.~Widespread~CC: Mt White, Woy Woy, Terrey Hills, Hornsby, Frenchs Forest, Rose Bay, La Perouse, Helensburgh, Bulli Pass, Woodford. CT: Clarence, Blackheath, Leura, Robertson, Bundanoon, Fitzroy Falls.~Wet heath on sandstone.~0--1200 m~above 1200 mm~Frequent.~Perennially wet heath or sedgeland e.g. with Gleichenia, Banksia robur, Banksia ericifolia, Hakea teretifolia.~Sandy loam on sandstone, poorly-drained and permanently moist. Low nutrient.~Full sun.~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Botany Bay NP, Royal NP.
Sprengelia~monticola~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Diffuse or procumbent shrub 20--50 cm high.~~~~White, solitary, September--December, peak October.~Capsule, 2 mm diam.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~CT.~Upper Blue Mountains.~CT: Mt Victoria, Blackheath, Medlow Bath, Katoomba, Wentworth Falls, Linden.~Wet rock faces and ledges or cliff bases.~500--1000 m~1200--1400 mm~Frequent.~Cliff ledge vegetation e.g. with Todea barbara, Dracophyllum secundum, Gleichenia rupestris, Sticherus tener.~Lower-nutrient sandstone, wet rock ledges, crevices, with permanent moisture.~Sheltered sites.~Endemic to the Sydney region, coded 3RC- t on national rare species list (Briggs & Leigh 1996). Reported in Blue Mountains NP.
Sprengelia~sprengelioides~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender erect wiry shrub 30-100cm high with white flowers.~~~~White, August--September.~Capsule, 2.5 mm diam., mature November.~Diaspore: seed.~~~Native.~NC CC; Qld.~Ku-ring-gai Chase, Bondi--Waterloo.~CC: Salvation Creek, Narrabeen (1889), Bondi Swamps (1893), Waterloo swamps (1889).~Swamp~0--100 m~above 1100 mm~Frequent.~Swampy heath e.g. with Banksia robur, Xyris.~Sandy soil in swamps, poorly-drained, low nutrient. ~Full sun.~Rare in the Sydney region, southern geographical limit is Waterloo--Bondi, though now extinct there. Reported in Ku-ring-gai Chase NP in 1970.
Styphelia~angustifolia~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub to 1.8 m high.~~~~Pale green, December--February.~Succulent ridged fruit (drupe), 6--7 mm long.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~CC CT ST NWS.~Woronora Plateau, lower Blue Mountains.~CC: Loftus (1897), Faulconbridge (1886). CT: Linden (1915), Hill Top (1923).~Rocky outcrop.~0--600 m~900--1600 mm~Rare.~Open-forest.~Sandstone.~~Rare in Sydney area, only old records, last collection Hill Top (1923). Conservation status unknown, possibly endangered.
Styphelia~laeta subsp. laeta~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender, erect shrub 1-2 m high.~~~~Pale yellow-green or red, March--August, peak April.~Succulent fruit (drupe), to 6--8 mm long, November--December.~~~~Native.~CC CT.~Widespread.~CC: Bucketty, Pearl Beach, Galston, Londonderry, Hurstville, East Hills, Appin, Yerrinbool. CT: Bungleboori Creek, Lawson.~Ridges.~0--700 m~above 700 mm~Rare--occasional.~Eucalypt open-forest e.g. with Eucalyptus sideroxylon, E. punctata, E. gummifera, E. eximia, or heath e.g. with Angophora hispida, Banksia oblongifolia, Petrophile sessillis.~Low-nutrient sandy or sandy-clay lateritic soils on Tertiary alluvium or Hawkesbury Sandstone, low nutrients.~~Endemic to Sydney region. Conserved in Western Sydney (James et al. 1999) but status elsewhere unknown. Reported in Wollemi NP, Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Lane Cove NP, Georges River NP.
Styphelia~laeta subsp. latifolia~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Slender, erect shrub 1-2 m high.~No.~~~Pale yellow-green or red, March--July.~Succulent fruit (drupe), to 8.3 mm long, August--September.~Diaspore: fruit.~~~Native.~CC CT NWS.~Hawkesbury River to Gosford.~CC: Kulnura, Peats Ridge, Somersby, Piles Creek, Calga, Point Clare, Agnes Banks (1975).~Mainly ridgetop.~0--300 m~800--1400 mm~Frequent.~Eucalypt woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus haemastoma, with shrubby understorey including Proteaceae species, Acacia myrtifolia.~Deep yellow earth or ironstone ÔlateriticÕ soils, or gravelly sandy soils on sandstone plateaus, low nutrient.~~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Brisbane Water NP.
Styphelia~longifolia~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 0.6--2 m high.~No.~~Less than 4 years (at Bantry Bay after high intensity fire 12/1991, L.McD.)~Pale green--yellow, March--September, peak June.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 7--8 mm long, mature ? October.~Present in area unburnt for 20 years, possible coloniser (Bradley, 1972). Usually only single plant seen (L.McD.)~Killed by high-intensity fire (at Bantry Bay 12/1991, Katandra 1/1994 L.McD.).~~Native.~CC.~Coast, Patonga to Waterfall.~CC: Wobby Beach, West Head, Mona Vale, Roseville, Field of Mars, The Spit, Ashton Park, Lane Cove, Waterfall.~Ridges.~0--100 m~1200--1400 mm~Occasional.~Eucalypt open-forest e.g. with Angophora costata, Eucalyptus haemastoma, Corymbia gummifera, Allocasuarina torulosa.~Sandy or gravelly soils on sandstone, sandstone--shale transition, low nutrients.~~Endemic to Sydney region, conservation status unknown, occurs infrequently in low numbers and possibly endangered by frequent fire. Many specimens collected pre. 1950. Reported in Brisbane Water NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Sydney Harbour NP.
Styphelia~triflora~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 0.4-2m high.~~~~Pink--red or cream or pale yellow-green, mainly April--October, peak September--October.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 6.5--8 mm long, mature August--May.~~Killed (Bantry Bay 1991, L.McD.), a few seedlings seen within 15 months of high intensity fire (at Lane Cove River & Narrabeen Lake 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~~Native.~NC CC SC NT CT ST NWS CWS NWP; Qld~Widespread.~CC: Yengo NP, Springwood, Roseville, Manly, La Perouse, Kogarah, Audley, Marley Beach, Appin. CT: Nullo Mountain, Kandos, Cullen Bullen, Lithgow, Mullions Range, Winburndale NR, Hill End, Tarana, Trunkey, Blackheath, Abercrombie Caves, Woodford.~Sandstone ridge, moist gully.~0--1200 mm~700--1400 mm~Frequent--occasional.~Eucalypt forest and woodland e.g. with Angophora costata, Eucalyptus piperita, E. rossii, E. mannifera, E. macrorhyncha, E. dives. Sea cliff-top scrub e.g. with Melaleuca nodosa, Leptospermum laevigatum, Calythrix tetragona.~Sandy--clayey soils on sandstone, conglomerate, low nutrients.~~Conservation status unknown. Reported in Yengo NP, Winburndale NR, Blue Mountains NP, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Styphelia~tubiflora~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Spreading shrub 1 m high.~~~~Red or cream or pale yellow-green, April-August.~Dry capsule with tiny ÔskirtÕ around one end, average fresh weight 19 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.), 5 mm long, mature August--December. Most fruits infertile, germination takes more than 2 years; mycorrhizas possibly assist breakdown of seed coat and establishment of seedling (Reed 1989).~Ant adapted for dispersal (Westoby et al. 1990).~Killed by high and medium intensity fire (at Lane Cove River), localised seedlings reported after fire (P. Kubiak pers. comm.).~Can tolerate Casuarina allelopathy, possibly assisted by mycorrhizal association (Reed 1989).~Native.~CC SC CT ST.~Widespread.~CC: Watagan Forest, Cheltenham, Narrabeen, Manly, Cronulla, Lucas Heights, Kurrajong Heights, Springwood, West Dapto. CT: Mt Wilson, Bell, Blackheath, Wentworth Falls, Wingello.~Ridges, hillsides.~0--1000 m~1000--1600 mm~Occasional--frequent.~Woodland e.g. with Eucalyptus piperita, E. haemastoma, Corymbia gummifera; heath  e.g. with Angophora hispida.~Low nutrient sandy soils on sandstone, .~~Probably adequately conserved though may be endangered by frequent fire regimes. Reported in Wollemi NP, Brisbane Water NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.
Styphelia~viridis subsp. viridis~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 1-2 m high with green flowers.~~~~Translucent green, April-August, peak July.~Succulent fruit (drupe), 7--10 mm long, mature ? August.~Diaspore: fruit. Soil-stored seedbank (Fox 1988).~Killed by fire (Fox 1988).~~Native.~NC CC.~Coast, Port Jackson to Royal NP.~CC: Rose Bay, Vaucluse--Bondi, La Perouse, Lady Robinsons Beach, Kurnell, Bundeena, Waterfall.~~0--100 m~above 1200 mm~Occasional.~Coastal heath e.g. with Banksia serrata, Lambertia formosa, Ricinocarpos pinifolius.~Old dunes not far from the sea and sandy soil from sandstone, low nutrient soils.~~Rare, few recent collections. Sydney populations at southern geographical limit, probably not adequately conserved and possibly threatened by frequent fire. Reported in Botany Bay NP.
Trochocarpa~laurina~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~Tree Heath~~Compact shrub or crooked tree to 15 m high, with 5-7 veined leaves.~No.~Probably long, more than 10 years (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~~White, December-January. Not automatically self-pollinated (Adam & Williams 2001).~Succulent fruit (drupe), average fresh weight 180 mg, with multiple embryos per fruit (J. Howell pers. comm.)., 6--8 mm diam., purple to black, ripening June--September. 40,600 seeds per kg (Floyd 1989).~Diaspore: vertebrate-adapted fleshy fruit (Westoby et al. 1990), bird-dispersed, water-dispersed, germination 6--14 months, low germination rate, very slow-growing especially when young (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.). Germination difficult, may take up to 2 years (Floyd 1989).~Resprouts from base after high intensity fire (at Narrabeen Lake 1/1994, P. Kubiak pers. comm.), resprouts from stem/branches after low intensity fires (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Host to parasitic plant Korthasella rubra (Downey 1998). Host tree for epiphytes e.g. ferns, orchids (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.). Used by Aboriginal people for waddies (Floyd 1989).~Native.~NC CC SC; Qld.~Coast and adjacent plateaus. ~CC: Mt Kindarun, Yarramalong, Mooney Mooney Creek, Calna Creek, Marramarra Creek, Warrawee, Brush Farm, Burralow Creek, Royal NP, Mt Keira, Cataract Creek, Saddleback.~Gullies, amongst rocks, creeks, escarpment slopes.~0--650 m~1200--1600 mm~Frequent--rare.~Warm temperate, sub-tropical, riverine, and sometimes dry rainforest (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.), moist eucalypt forest e.g. with Eucalyptus saligna, E. pilularis, Ceratopetalum apetalum, Acmena smithii, Syncarpia glomulifera, Backhousia myrtifolia, creek banks.~Sandy loam to yellow sandy clays from sandstone, shales (Illawarra Coal Measures, Hawkesbury Sandstone, Narrabeen Series in Illawarra, A. Bofeldt pers. comm.), moderate nutrient soils, well-drained. ~Sheltered. Mid-shade, young plants not able to tolerate full sun (A. Bofeldt pers. comm.).~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Lane Cove NP, Royal NP.
Woollsia~pungens~Ericaceae - Styphelioideae~~~Erect shrub 20-200 cm high.  ~No.~10--20 years. Plants recorded in unburnt bush after 13 years (at Field of Mars).~3--5 years (Benson 1985).~White--pink, sweetly scented, at any time of year, peak July--August. (Red form at northern coast of Jervis Bay only.)~Capsule, 2.5 mm diam., with many small seeds, average seed weight 0.2--0.25 mg (J. Howell pers. comm.).~No special dispersal morphology (Westoby et al. 1990), probably wind-dispersed.~Killed and re-established from soil-stored seed (at Brisbane Water).~~Native.~NC CC SC CT ST; Qld.~Coast and upper Blue Mountains.~CC: Calga, Hornsby, Narrabeen, Willoughby, Gladesville, Bondi, La Perouse, Oatley, Waterfall, Minto, Springwood. CT: Leura, Lawson.~Sandstone plateaus, coastal dunes.~0--1000 m~800--1600 mm~Frequent--abundant.~Heath e.g with Banksia serrata, Lambertia formosa, Xanthorrhoea resinifera, and dry eucalypt open-forest e.g. with Eucalyptus piperita, E. haemastoma, E. gummifera.~Fine silty sand--gravelly soil on sandstone and dunes, low nutrients, well-drained.~Full sun to light shade.~Probably adequately conserved. Reported in Blue Mountains NP, Brisbane Water NP, Marramarra NP, Muogamarra NR, Ku-ring-gai Chase NP, Garigal NP, Lane Cove NP, Sydney Harbour NP, Royal NP.