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The Cycad Pages

[ÿþAULACOPHYLLUM Regel, Gartenflora 25: 141 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Aulacophyllum lindenii (Regel ex André) Regel, Gartenflora 25: 141 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Aulacophyllum montanum (A. Braun) Regel, Gartenflora 25: 141 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Aulacophyllum ortgiesi Regel, Gartenflora 25: 141 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Aulacophyllum roezli (Linden) Regel, Gartenflora 25: 141 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Aulacophyllum skinneri (Warsz. ex A. Dietrich) Regel, Gartenflora 25: 143 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Aulacophyllum wallisii (hort. Veitch ex A. Braun) Regel, Gartenflora 25: 143 (1876), nom. nud.]
[BOWENIA Hook. ex Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 89: sub t.5398 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Bowenia serrulata (W. Bull) Chamb., Bot. Gaz. 54: 419 (1912), nom. nud.]
[Bowenia spectabilis Hook. ex Hook. f., Bot. Mag. 89: sub t. 5398 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Bowenia spectabilis var. serrata F.M. Bailey, Syn. Queensland Fl. 501 (1883), nom. nud.]
[Bowenia spectabilis var. serrulata W. Bull, "Retail List 143: 4, t.5" (1878), nom. nud.]
[CATAKIDOZAMIA W. Hill, "in Hook., Gard. Chron.1107" (1865), nom. nud.]
[Catakidozamia hopei W. Hill, "in Hook., Gard. Chron., 1107" (1865), nom. nud.]
[CERATOZAMIA Brongn., "Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 3, 5: 7-8" (1846), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia alvarezii "Pérez-Farrera, Vovides & Iglesias", Novon 9(3): 410-413 (1999), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia angustifolia Linden, Ill. Hort. 28: 32 (1881), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia beccarae "Pérez-Farrera, Vovides & Schutzman", in prep (1999), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia boliviana Brongn., "Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, 5: 9" (1846), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia brevifrons Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 41 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia ensiformis hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 130 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia eriolepis hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 132 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia euryphyllidia "Vasq. Torres, Sabato & D.W. Stev.", Brittonia 38(1): 17-19 (1986), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia fusca hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 132 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia fuscata hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 132 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia fuscoviridis D. Moore, "Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., ser. 2: 113-114" (1878), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia ghiesbrechti hort. ex Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4: 299 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia hildae G.P. Landry & M.C. Wilson, Brittonia 31(3): 422-424 fig. 1) (1979), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia hofmannii Ettingsh., Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 96: 80 (1887), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia huastecorum "S. Avendaño, Vovides & G. Castillo-Campos", Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: (in press) (2003), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia intermedia Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 40-41 (1847), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia juscata H. Matte, Recherches App. Lib. Lign. Cycad.: 35 (1904), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia karsteniana hort. Kew. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 192" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia katzeriana Regel, Gartenflora 25: 261 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia katzeriana Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada.? (1876), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia kuesteriana Regel, "Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 30: 186-188, t. 3, fig. 6; t. 4, fig. 22" (1857), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia latifolia Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 206 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia longifolia Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 40 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia longifolia var. minor Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 2: 290 (1849), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia longipinnata hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 130 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia matudae Lundell, Lloydia 2(2): 75-76 (1939), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana Brongn., "Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 3, 5: 7-8" (1846), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. latifolia (Miq.) J. Shust., Pflanzenr. 99: 131 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. longifolia (Miq.) Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 193" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. longifolia f. fuscoviridis (D. Moore) J. Shust., Pflanzenr. 99: 132 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. longifolia f. tenuis (Dyer) J. Shust., Pflanzenr. 99: 132 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. miqueliana (H. Wendland) J. Shust., Pflanzenr. 99: 131 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. robusta (Miq.) Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 193" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. tenuis Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 193" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mexicana var. vulgaris J. Shust., Pflanzenr. 99: 131 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia microstrobila Vovides & J.D. Rees, Madroño 30(1): 39-42 (1983), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia miqueliana H. Wendl., Index Palm.: 68 (1854), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia miquelii hort. Blumeng., "ed. 3, Sieb. & Voss, 1: 1246" (1895), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mirandae "Vovides, Pérez-Farrera & Iglesias", "Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 137(1): 81-85, fig. 1-2, as C. mirandai" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia mixeorum Chemnick & T.J. Greg. & S. Salas-Mor., Phytologia (July 1997) 83(1): 47-52 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia morettii Vazques Torres & Vovides, "Novon 8(1): 87-90, fig. 1." (1998), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia muricata Miq. in Linden, Ill. Hort. 28: 32 (1881), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia norstogii D.W. Stev., "Brittonia 34: 181-184, figs. 1-2." (1982), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia ottonis hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 130 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia purpurea H. Matte, Recherches App. Lib. Lign. Cycad.: 125. (1904), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia robusta Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 42-43 (1847), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia sabatoi "Vovides, Vazques Torres, Schutzman & Iglesias", Novon 3(4): 502-504 (1993), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia whitelockiana Chemnick & T.J. Greg., Phytologia (1995) 79(1): 51-57 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia wrightii Hollick, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 59: 169 t. 1 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia X hybrida J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 48 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia zaragozae Medellin-Leal, Brittonia 15: 175-176 (1963), nom. nud.]
[Ceratozamia zoquorum "Pérez-Farrera, Vovides & Iglesias", "Bot. J. Lin. Soc. 137(1): 77-80, fig. 1." (2001), nom. nud.]
[CHIGUA D.W. Stev., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 57: 169-172 (1990), nom. nud.]
[Chigua bernalii D.W. Stev., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 57: 169-172 (1990), nom. nud.]
[Chigua restrepoi D.W. Stev., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 57: 169-172 (1990), nom. nud.]
[CYCAS L., Sp. Pl.: 1188. (1753), nom. nud.]
[Cycas aculeata K.D. Hill & H.T. Nguyen , Bot. Rev. 70(2): 149-150 (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas aenigma K.D.Hill & A.Lindstr., Telopea 12(1):130 132. fig. 3 (2008), nom. nud.]
[Cycas acuminatissima "H.T. Chang, Y.C. Zhong & Z.F. Lu", Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 37: 6 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas afra hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 111 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas angulata R. Br., Prodr. 1: 348 (1810), nom. nud.]
[Cycas annaikalensis Rita Singh & P. Radha, Brittonia 58(2): 119-123 (2006), nom. nud.]
[Cycas apoa K.D. Hill, "Austral. Syst. Bot. 7: 553-55, fig. 9." (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas arenicola K.D. Hill, Telopea 5(2): 419-242 (1993), nom. nud.]
[Cycas armstrongii Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3(5): 235-236 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Cycas arnhemica K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(4): 693-696, fig. 1." (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas arnhemica subsp. muninga Chirgwin & K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 44-46, fig. 20." (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas arnhemica subsp. natja K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 46-47, fig. 21." (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas aurea hort. Verschaffelt ex Dyer, Fl. British India 5: 657 (1890), nom. nud.]
[Cycas badensis K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 20-21, fig. 9." (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas baguanheensis L. K. Fu & S. Z. Cheng, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19(3): 337 (1981), nom. nud.]
[Cycas balansae Warb., Monsunia 1: 179 (1900), nom. nud.]
[Cycas basaltica C.A. Gardner, "Bull. Woods Forests Dept., Western Australia 32: 31" (1923), nom. nud.]
[Cycas beddomei Dyer, "Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., ser. 2, 5: 85, pl. 17" (1885), nom. nud.]
[Cycas bellefontii Linden & Rodigas (as bellefonti), "Ill. Hort. 33: 27, pl. 586" (1886), nom. nud.]
[Cycas bifida (Dyer) K.D. Hill, Bot. Rev. 70(2): 161-163 (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas boddami hort. ex Dyer, (1881), nom. nud.]
[Cycas boddami hort. ex J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 99: 75, 77" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas bougainvilleana K.D. Hill, "Austral. Syst. Bot. 7: 557-560, fig. 11." (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas brachycantha "K.D. Hill, T.H. Nguyen & K.L. Phan", "Bot. Rev. 70(2): 155-157, fig.6" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas brevipinnata "H.T. Chang, Y.Y. Huang &Y.C. Zhong", Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 37: 8 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas brunnea K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(1): 200-201, fig. 15." (1992), nom. nud.]
[Cycas caffra Thunb., "Nov. Acta Soc. Sc. (Uppsal.) 2: 286, t. 5" (1775), nom. nud.]
[Cycas cairnsiana F. Muell., "Fragm. 10: 63, 121" (1876), nom. nud.]
[Cycas calcicola Maconochie, "J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 1(3): 175, fig. 1" (1978), nom. nud.]
[Cycas campestris K.D. Hill, Austral. Syst. Bot. 7: 538-540 (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas canalis K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(4): 698-700, fig. 4a -4d" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas canalis subsp. carinata K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(4): 699-700, fig.4e-4g" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas candida K.D. Hill, Telopea 10(2): 607-611 (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas celebica Miq., Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 1839: 45 (1839), nom. nud.]
[Cycas chamaoensis K.D. Hill, "Brittonia 51(1): 58, fig. 6" (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas chamberlainii W.H. Brown & Kienholz, "Phillipp. J. Sci. 26: 47-48, pl. 1-2, fig. 1" (1925), nom. nud.]
[Cycas changjiangensis N. Liu, "Acta Phytotax. Sin. 36(6): 552-554, fig. 1" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas chevalieri Leandri, "in Lecompte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5(10): 1092" (1931), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis L., Sp. Pl.: 1188 (1753), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis [subsp. circinalis] forma gothanii J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 99: 66, Fig. 7A" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis [subsp. circinalis] forma undulata (hort. ex Gaudich.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 66 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis [subsp. circinalis] forma glauca (Miq.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 66 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. madagascariensis (Miq.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 73 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. madagascariensis forma trigonocarpoides J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 99: 74, Fig. 12Q-R" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. papuana (F. Muell.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 70 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. papuana var. scratchleyana (F. Muell.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 70-70 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana (Porte ex Regel) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 68 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana var. curranii J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 69 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana var. curranii forma apertorum J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 69 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana var. curranii forma chamberlainii (W.H. Brown & Kienholz) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 69 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana var. curranii forma graminea J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 69 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. riuminiana var. curranii forma maritima J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 69 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. seemannii (A. Braun) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 71 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. thouarsii (R. Br. ex Gaudich.) Engler, Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas 2: 82 (1908), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. vera J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 99: 66-67, Fig. 40; 7C; 10A, F-G; 11F" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. vera var. beddomei (Dyer) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 67 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis subsp. vera var. pectinata (Griff.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 68 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis var. angustifolia Miq., Comm. Phyt.: 125-126 (1840-1841), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis var. javana Miq., "Monogr. Cycad.: 28. t. 1, fig. t & u, t. II, fig. E1" (1842), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis var. orixensis Haines, Bot. Bihar Orissa 6: 1228 (1924), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis var. pygmaea (Blume) Walp., Ann. Bot. Syst. 3: 453 (1852-1853), nom. nud.]
[Cycas circinalis var. swamyii D.D. Pant, Cycad Newsletter 23(1): 6 (2000), nom. nud.]
[Cycas clivicola K.D. Hill, "Brittonia 51(1): 62-63, fig. 8a-d,g-h" (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas clivicola subsp. lutea K.D. Hill, "Brittonia 51(1): 64, fig. 8e, -f, -i" (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas cochinchinensis Warb. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 81 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas collina "K.D. Hill, T.H. Nguyen & K.L. Phan", Bot. Rev. 70(2): 142-144 (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas comorensis Bruant, Cat. Gen.: 5 (1888), nom. nud.]
[Cycas comorensis Bruant, "in Duchartre, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 35: 246" (1888), nom. nud.]
[Cycas condaoensis K.D. Hill & S.L. Yang, "Bot. Rev. 70(2): 178-179, fig. 14" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas conferta Chirgwin ex Chirgwin & Wigston, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 15(2): 147 (1993), nom. nud.]
[Cycas corsoniana D. Don, Gard. Mag. & Reg. Rural Domest. Improv. 16: 371 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Cycas couttsiana K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(1): 197-198, fig. 13" (1992), nom. nud.]
[Cycas crassipes "H.D. Zhang, Y.C. Zhong & Z.F. Lu", Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 38(3): 121-122 (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas cupida P.I. Forst., Austrobaileya 6: 153 (2002), nom. nud.]
[Cycas curranii (J. Schust.) K.D. Hill, Proc. Third Int. Conf. Cycad Biol.: 150 (1995), nom. nud.]
[Cycas cydadis Miq., Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 367 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Cycas debaoensis Y.C. Zhong & C.J. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35(6): 571 (1997), nom. nud.]
[Cycas desolata P.I. Forst., "Austrobaileya 4(3): 345-352, figs. 1-5" (1995), nom. nud.]
[Cycas diannanensis Z.T. Guan & G.D. Tao, "Sichuan Forestry & Desig, 1995: 1" (1995), nom. nud.]
[Cycas dilatata Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 15-16 (1854), nom. nud.]
[Cycas dolichophylla "K.D. Hill, T.H. Nguyen & K.L. Phan", "Bot. Rev. 70(2): 157-160, fig. 7" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas duivenbodei "hort., Anon.", Comp. Cont. d'Hortic.: 9 (1886), nom. nud.]
[Cycas duivenbodei L. Linden & Rodigas, Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ortic. 11(9): 279 (1886), nom. nud.]
[Cycas edentata de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 372" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas elephantipes A. Lindstr. & K.D. Hill, "Brittonia 54(4): 301, fig. 3. (dated 2002)" (2003), nom. nud.]
[Cycas elongata (Leandri) D.Yue Wang), "Cycads in China: 51, as C. elonga" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas fairylakea D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China: 54 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas falcata K.D. Hill, Kew Bull. 54(1): 209 (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas ferruginea F.N. Wei, Guihaia 14: 300 (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas fugax "K.D. Hill, T.H. Nguyen & K.L. Phan", "Bot. Rev. 70(2): 145-146, fig.3" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas furfuracea W. Fitzg., J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Western Australia 3: 108 (1918), nom. nud.]
[Cycas glauca Link, Enum. Plant. (), nom. nud.]
[Cycas glauca Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3: 627 (1839), nom. nud.]
[Cycas glauca hort. ex Miq., Comm. Phytog.: 127 (1840-1841), nom. nud.]
[Cycas glaucophylla hort. ex Siebet & Voss, Vilmorin Blumeng 1: 1244 (1895), nom. nud.]
[Cycas gracilis Miq., "Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. ser. 1, 15: 366-367" (1863), nom. nud.]
[Cycas gracilis var. glauca Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4(4): 282 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Cycas gracilis var. viridis Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4(4): 282 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Cycas guizhouensis K.M. Lan & R.F. Zou, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 21(2): 209-210 (1983), nom. nud.]
[Cycas gyrata hort. ex F. Abel, Wiener Ill. Gartenzeit. 11: 31 (1886), nom. nud.]
[Cycas hainanensis C.J. Chen, "Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 82, t. 2, figs 5-6" (1975), nom. nud.]
[Cycas hainanensis subsp. changjiangensis (N. Liu) N.Liu, Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Cycad Biol.: 3 (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas hamelini hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 66 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas hoabinhensis K.L. Phan & T.H. Nguyen, "Bot. Rev. 70(2): 153-155, fig. 5" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas hongheensis S.Y. Yang & S.L. Yang, "in D.Y. Wang, Cycads in China: 62" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas humilis hort. ex Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3(5): 223 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Cycas hypoleuca Presl, Epimeliae Botanicae: 238 (1849), nom. nud.]
[Cycas immersa Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1912: 434-435 (1912), nom. nud.]
[Cycas imperialis hort. ex W. Bull, Retail List 155 (1875), nom. nud.]
[Cycas indica A. Lindstr. & K.D. Hill, "Telopea 11(4):481 483, fig. 3" (2007), nom. nud.]
[Cycas inermis Lour., "Fl. Cochinch., ed. 2, 2: 776-777" (1793), nom. nud.]
[Cycas intermedia hort. ex B.S. Williams, cat.: 42 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Cycas javana (Miq.) de Laub., "in D.Y. Wang, Cycads in China: 65" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas jenkinsiana Griff., "Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 9-10, pl. 360, fig. 1-2 and 362, fig. 1" (1854), nom. nud.]
[Cycas kennedyana F. Muell., Australas. Chem. Drugg.: 16 (1882), nom. nud.]
[Cycas kirkii hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 73 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas lacrimans A.J.Lindstr. & K.D.Hill, "Telopea 12(1):136 138, fig. 5" (2008), nom. nud.]
[Cycas lane-poolei C.A. Gardner, "Bull. Woods Forests Dept., Western Australia 32: 30-32, fig. e" (1923), nom. nud.]
[Cycas lindstromii "S.L. Yang, K.D. Hill & T.H. Nguyen", "Novon 7: 213-215, fig. 1" (1997), nom. nud.]
[Cycas lingshuigensis G.A. Fu, Bull. Bot. Res. 24(4): 387-388 (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas litoralis K.D. Hill, "Brittonia 51(1): 70-72, fig. 11" (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas longiconifera "H.T. Chang, Y.C. Zhong & Y.Y. Huang", Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 37: 6 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas longipetiolula D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China: 68 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas longisporophylla F.N. Wei, Guihaia 17: 209 (1997), nom. nud.]
[Cycas longlinensis H.T. Chang & Y.C. Zhong, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 36: 68 (1997), nom. nud.]
[Cycas maconochiei Chirgwin & K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 48-49, fig. 22" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas maconochiei subsp. lanata K.D. Hill, Telopea 7(1): 49-51 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas maconochiei subsp. viridis K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 51-52, fig. 23" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas macrocarpa Griff., "Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 11-14, pl. 362, fig. 2" (1854), nom. nud.]
[Cycas madagascariensis Miq., Comm. Phytog.: 127 (1840-1841), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media R. Br., Prodr. 1: 348 (1810), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media forma inermis Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3(5): 235 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media forma latissima T. Moore, Gard. Chron. 9(1): 11 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media subsp. banksii K.D. Hill, Telopea 7(1): 15-16 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media subsp. ensata K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 14-15, fig. 6" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media var. basaltica (C.A. Gardner) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 78 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media var. furfuracea (W. Fitzg.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 78 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media var. inermis A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 528 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Cycas media var. lane-poolei (C.A. Gardner) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 78 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas megacarpa K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(1): 188-189, fig.5" (1992), nom. nud.]
[Cycas micholitzii Dyer, "Gard. Chron. 38: 142-144, figs 48-49" (1905), nom. nud.]
[Cycas micholitzii var. simplicipinna Smitinand, "Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 24: 164, figs 2-3, 4f" (1971), nom. nud.]
[Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill, "Austral. Syst. Bot. 7: 554-556, fig 10" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas miquelii Warb., "Monsunia 1: 179, 184" (1900), nom. nud.]
[Cycas montana A.Lindstr. & K.D.Hill, "Telopea 12(3):396 397, fig. 3. " (2009), nom. nud.]
[Cycas multifida H.T. Chang & Y.C. Zhong, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 36: 70 (1997), nom. nud.]
[Cycas multifrondis D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China: 80 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas multiovula D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China: 83 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas multipinnata C.J. Chen & S.Y. Yang, "Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 239, 480-481" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas nathorstii J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 99: 76, fig. 10e" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas neocaledonica Linden, Ill. Hort. 28: 32 (1881), nom. nud.]
[Cycas nitida K.D.Hill & A.Lindstr, "Telopea 12(1):142 143, fig. 6 " (2008), nom. nud.]
[Cycas nongnoochiae K.D. Hill, "Brittonia 51(1): 60-62, fig. 7" (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas normanbyana F. Muell., "Fragm. 8: 169-171, icon. 65-66" (1874), nom. nud.]
[Cycas ophiolitica K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(1): 190-191, fig. 7" (1992), nom. nud.]
[Cycas orientis K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(4): 696-697, fig. 3" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pachypoda K.D. Hill, "Bot. Rev. 70(2): 176-178, fig. 13" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas palmatifida "H.T. Chang, Y.Y. Huang & Y.C. Zhong", Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 37: 7 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pandanifolia hort. ex Lindl., Gard. Chron. 16: 365 (1865), nom. nud.]
[Cycas panzhihuaensis L. Zhou & S. Y. Yang, "Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19(3): 335, t. 10, figs 1-6; t. 11, figs 1-10" (1981), nom. nud.]
[Cycas papuana F. Muell., Descr. Notes Papuan Pl. 4: 71-72 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Cycas parvulus S.L. Yang, "in D.Y. Wang, Cycads in China: 93" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham., "Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5(2): 322-323, figs 3, 5" (1826), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pectinata Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 10 (1854), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pectinata var. elongata Leandri, "in Lecompte, Fl. Indo-Chine 5(10): 1091" (1931), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pectinata var. manhaoensis C. Chen & P. Yun, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 17: 400 (1995), nom. nud.]
[Cycas petraea A. Lindstr. & K.D. Hill, Brittonia 54 (4): 299. fig. 1 (dated 2002) (2003), nom. nud.]
[Cycas platyphylla K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(1): 193-194, fig. 9" (1992), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pluma hort. ex W. Bull, Retail List: 4 (1877), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pluma T. Moore, Gard. Chron. 9(1): 11 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pranburiensis "S.L. Yang, W. Tang, K.D. Hill & P. Vatcharakorn", "Brittonia 51(1): 44-47, fig. 1" (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pruinosa Maconochie, "J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 1(3): 177-178, fig. 2." (1978), nom. nud.]
[Cycas pygmaea Blume, Rumphia 4: 16 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Cycas recurvata Blume ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 74 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta Thunb., "Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Weetensch. Haarlem 20(2): 424, 426-427" (1782), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. brevifrons Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 207 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. glabra Satake, "J. Jap. Bot. 50(12): 361, pl. V A" (1975), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. hystrix Satake, "J. Jap. Bot. 50(12): 361, pl. V B" (1975), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. inermis (Lour.) Miq., "Prodr. Syst. Cycad.: 6, 16" (1861), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. involuta Satake, J. Jap. Bot. 50(12): 361. pl. V C (1975), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. planifolia Miq., Monogr. Cycad.: 25-26 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. prolifera Siebold & Zucc., Abh. Math.-Physik. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 14(3): 236 (1846), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. robusta Messeri, "Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 34: 324, 327" (1927), nom. nud.]
[Cycas revoluta var. taiwaniana (Carruth.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 84 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas riedlei Fisch. ex Gaudich., "in Freycinet, Voy. Aut. Monde, Bot., 434" (1826), nom. nud.]
[Cycas riuminiana hort. Mosc. ex Lemaire, "Ill. Hort. 11: sub. Planche 403, Planche 410" (1864), nom. nud.]
[Cycas riuminiana Porte ex Regel, Gartenflora 12: 16-17 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii Miq., Bull. Sci. Phys. Nat. Néerl. 2: 45 (1839), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii forma palauica Kaneh., J. Jap. Bot. 14(9): 587 (1938), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii forma papuana (F. Muell.) Kaneh., J. Jap. Bot. 14(9): 587 (1938), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii forma seemannii (A. Braun) Kaneh., J. Jap. Bot. 14(9): 587 (1938), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii forma undulata (Desf. ex Gaudich.) Kaneh., J. Jap. Bot. 14(9): 587 (1938), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii subsp. normanbyana (F. Muell.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 75-76 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii subsp. rumphii var. subinclusa J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 99: 75, Fig. 12 Y-Z" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii subsp. zeylanica J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 99: 75, fig. 10c-d, 11m" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii var. bifida Dyer, "J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 560" (1902), nom. nud.]
[Cycas rumphii var. timorensis Miq., Comm. Phytolog.: 125-126 (1840-1841), nom. nud.]
[Cycas saxatilis K.D. Hill & A. Lindtsr., "Telopea 12(1):128 129, fig. 2 " (2008), nom. nud.]
[Cycas schumanniana Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Sudsee: 154-155 (dated 1901) (1900), nom. nud.]
[Cycas scratchleyana F. Muell., Victorian Naturalist 2(2): 18-19 (1885), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Asiorientales J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 65 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Cycas subsection Circinnalidae Smitinand, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 24: 168 (1971), nom. nud.]
[Cycas subsection Endemicae J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 65 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Cycas subsection Pectinatae Smitinand, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 24: 168 (1971), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Indosinenses J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 65 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Indosinenses subsection Taiwanianosoe K.D. Hill & C.J. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 32: 544 (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Lemuricae J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 65 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Lemuricae subsection Endemicae J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 65 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Lemuricae subsection Pandemicae J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 65 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Panzhihuaenses subsection Taiwanianosoe (K.D. Hill & C.J. Chen) D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 27 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Wadeae K.D. Hill, in prep. (2002), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Panzhihuaenses subsection Wadeanae D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 27 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Stangerioides Smitinand, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 24: 168 (1971), nom. nud.]
[Cycas seemannii A. Braun, Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin: 114-115 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Cycas segmentifida D.Yue Wang & C.Y. Deng, Encephalartos 43: 11-14 (1995), nom. nud.]
[Cycas semota K.D. Hill, Telopea 7(1): 44?? (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas septemsperma "H.T. Chang, Y.Y. Huang & H.X. Zheng", Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 37: 8 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas series Asiorientales (J. Schust.) D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 27 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas series Multipinnata D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 26 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas sexseminifera F.N. Wei, Guihaia 16: 1 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas shanyaensis (as  shanyagensis ) G.A. Fu, Bull. Bot. Res. 26(1): 2-3 (2006), nom. nud.]
[Cycas shiwandashanica H.T. Chang & Y.C. Zhong, Chinese Bull. Bot. 12: 12 (1995), nom. nud.]
[Cycas siamensis Miq., "Bot. Zeitung, Berlin 21: 334" (1863), nom. nud.]
[Cycas siamensis subsp. balansae (Warb.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 81 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas siamensis subsp. inermis (Lour.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 80-81 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Cycas silvestris K.D. Hill, "Telopea 5(1): 181-182, fig. 1" (1992), nom. nud.]
[Cycas simplicipinna (Smitinand) K.D. Hill, Proc. Third Int. Conf. Cycad Biol.: 150 (1995), nom. nud.]
[Cycas speciosa D. Don, "Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 54, 56" (1840), nom. nud.]
[Cycas sphaerica Roxb., Fl. Ind.: 747 (1832), nom. nud.]
[Cycas spiniformis J.Y. Liang, "in F.N. Wei, Guihaia 17: 211" (1997), nom. nud.]
[Cycas squamosa Lodd., "Cat. Pl., ed. 14" (1826), nom. nud.]
[Cycas squarrosa Lodd. ex Don, Hort. Brit.: 403 (1830), nom. nud.]
[Cycas subgenus Cycas section Endemicae (J. Schust.) D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 28 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas subgenus Pectinata de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 375" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas subgenus Revoluta de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 382" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas subgenus Truncata de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 367" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Cycas subgenus Panzhihuaenses D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 26 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas subsection Stangerioides (Smitinand) D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 26 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas section Panzhihuaensis subsection Wadeanae (K.D. Hill) D.Yue Wang, Cycads in China 27 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas sundaica Miq. ex A. Lindtsr. & K.D. Hill , "Telopea 12(3):408 410, fig. 6. " (2009), nom. nud.]
[Cycas szechuanensis "C.Y. Cheng, W.C. Cheng & L.K. Fu", "Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 81, t. 1, figs 7-8" (1975), nom. nud.]
[Cycas szechuanensis subsp. fairylakea (D.Yue Wang) N.Liu, Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Cycad Biol.: 2 (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas taitungensis "C.F. Shen, K.D. Hill, C.H. Tsou & C.J. Chen", Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 35: 135-138 (1994), nom. nud.]
[Cycas taiwaniana Carruth., "J. Bot. 31: 1-3, pl. 331" (1893), nom. nud.]
[Cycas tanqingii D.Yue Wang, "Cycads in China: 134, fig. 4" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas tansachana K.D. Hill & S.L. Yang, Brittonia 51(1): 65-66 (1999), nom. nud.]
[Cycas terkesii Duch., Rev. Hort. 55(21): 500 (1883), nom. nud.]
[Cycas teskesii Duch., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 35: 247 (1888), nom. nud.]
[Cycas therkessii hort. ex F. Abel, Wiener Ill. Gartenzeit. 11: 31 (1886), nom. nud.]
[Cycas thouarsii R. Br. ex Gaudich., "Voy. Uranie, Bot. (pt 11): 434" (1829), nom. nud.]
[Cycas tonkinensis (Linden & Rodigas) Rodigas, Ill. Hort. 33: 27 (1886), nom. nud.]
[Cycas tropophylla K.D. Hill & S.L. Yang, "Bot. Rev. 70(2): 168-170, fig. 10" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Cycas tuckeri K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 20-23, fig. 10" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas undulata Desf. ex Gaudich., "Voy. Uranie, Bot.: 434" (1829), nom. nud.]
[Cycas vespertilio A.J.Lindstr. & K.D.Hill, "Telopea 12(1):134 136, fig. 4 " (2008), nom. nud.]
[Cycas villosa Herb. van Royen ex A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 532 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Cycas wadei Merrill, "Phillipp. J. Sci. 60(3): 234-236, pls 1-4" (1936), nom. nud.]
[Cycas wallichii Miq., Monogr. Cycad.: 32 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Cycas wendlandii hort. ex Sander, Cat. 32 (1895), nom. nud.]
[Cycas xilingensis H.T. Chang & Y.C. Zhong, Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 36: 69 (1997), nom. nud.]
[Cycas xipholepis K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 32-33, fig. 15" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas yorkiana K.D. Hill, "Telopea 7(1): 18-19, fig. 8" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Cycas yunnanensis ms , (), nom. nud.]
[Cycas zambalensis Madulid & Agoo, Blumea 50: 519-522. fig. 1. (2005), nom. nud.]
[Cycas zeylanica (J. Schust.) A. Lindstr. & K.D. Hill, Novon 12(2): 238-239 (2002), nom. nud.]
[DIOON Lindl., Edward's Bot. Reg. 29: misc. 59-60 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Dioon aculeatum Lem., Ill. Hort. 2. Misc. 92 (1855), nom. nud.]
[Dioon angustifolium Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 37 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Dioon argenteum "T.J. Greg., Chemnick, Salas-Mor. & Vovides", Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 141: (in press) (2003), nom. nud.]
[Dioon califanoi De Luca & Sabato, Brittonia 31(1): 170-172 (1979), nom. nud.]
[Dioon caputoi "De Luca, Sabato & Vásq. Torres", Brittonia 32(1): 44-46 (1980), nom. nud.]
[Dioon dohenyii E.A. Howard, "in Travel, 61: 33" (1933), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule Lindl., Edward's Bot. Reg. 29: misc. 59-60 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule subsp. angustifolium (Miq.) E. Murray, Kalmia 13: 5 (1983), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule var. angustifolium (Miq.) Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 427 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule f. angustifolium (Miq.) Miq., "Prodr. Syst. Cycad.: 10, 22" (1861), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule var. sonorense "(De Luca, Sabato & Vázq. Torres) R. McVaugh & Perez de la Rosa", "in R. McVaugh, Fl. Novo-Galiciana 17: 112" (1992), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule f. imbricatum (Miq.) Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 427 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule var. imbricatum (Miq.) Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 427 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule var. imbricatum f. lanuginosum (Wittmack) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 127 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule var. lanuginosum Wittmack, "Gartenflora 48: 153-156, figs. 32-36" (1897), nom. nud.]
[Dioon edule var. latipinnium Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 191, t. 81, figs. 1-3" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Dioon hollickii J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 161 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Dioon hollickii var. atwoodii J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 161 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Dioon hollickii var. wrightii (Hollick) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 161 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Dioon hollickii var. praespinulosum (Hollick) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 161 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Dioon holmgrenii "De Luca, Sabato & Vásq. Torres", Brittonia 33(4): 552-554 (1981), nom. nud.]
[Dioon imbricatum Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 36 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Dioon inopinus Hollick, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 59: 170 t. 3 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Dioon mejiae Standl. & L.O. Williams, Ceiba 1: 36-38 (1951), nom. nud.]
[Dioon merolae "De Luca, Sabato & Vásq. Torres", Brittonia 33(2): 180-184 (1981), nom. nud.]
[Dioon pectinatum Mast., "Gard. Chron. 73(338): 718, ic. s.n." (1893), nom. nud.]
[Dioon praespinulosum Hollick, "Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 59: 171 t. 4 f. 1,2" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Dioon purpusii Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 12(7): 260-261 (1909), nom. nud.]
[Dioon rzedowskii "De Luca, A. Moretti, Sabato & Vásq. Torres", Brittonia 32(2): 225-229 (1980), nom. nud.]
[Dioon sonorense "(De Luca, Sabato & Vázq. Torres) Chemnick & T.J. Greg. & S. Salas-Mor.", Phytologia (July 1997) 83: 1-6 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Dioon spinulosum Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 191-192" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Dioon spinulosum Dyer ex Eichler, Gart. Zeit. Berlin: 411 (1883), nom. nud.]
[Dioon strobilosum Lem., Ill. Hort. 10: Misc. 4. (1863), nom. nud.]
[Dioon strobilaceum Lem. ex DC., Ill. Hort. 10: Misc. 4. (1863), nom. nud.]
[Dioon tomasellii "De Luca, Sabato & Vázq. Torres", Brittonia 36: 225-227 (1984), nom. nud.]
[Dioon tomasellii var. sonorense "De Luca, Sabato & Vázq. Torres", Brittonia 36: 226-227 (1984), nom. nud.]
[DIPSACOZAMIA Lehm., "in Lindl., Veg. Kingd.: 225" (1846), nom. nud.]
[Dipsacozamia mexicana Liebm. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 192" (1884), nom. nud.]
[DYEROCYCAS Nakai, Ord. Fam. 208 (1943), nom. nud.]
[Dyerocycas micholitzii (Dyer) Nakai, "Ordines, familiae, tribi, ...... et combinationes a Prof. Nakai-Takenosin adhuc novis edita 208" (1943), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartaceae A. Schenk., "in Zittel, Handb. Palaeontol. 2: 215" (1890), nom. nud.]
[ENCEPHALARTOS Lehm., Pugill. 6: 14 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos acanthus Mast., "Gard. Chron. ser. 2, 1878: 810" (1878), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos aemulans Vorster, S. African J. Bot. 56(2): 239-243 (1990), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos almasianus hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii Lehm., "Pugill. 6: 11, t. 4, 5" (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. angustifolia Miq., Monogr. Cycad. 52 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. bispinna J.M. Wood, Ann. Rep. Bot. Gard. Natal. 8 (1907), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. distans Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 114 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. eriocephalus de Vriese, Nederl. Kruidk Arch. 1:171 (1846), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. macrophyllus Regel, Gartenflora 24: 40 (1875), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. parvifolius Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 114 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. paucidentatus Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 114 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. semidentatus Miq., Monogr. Cycad. 51 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos altensteinii var. spinosior Regel, Gartenflora 24: 40 (1875), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos aplanatus Vorster, S. African J. Bot. 62(1): 57-60 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos aquifolia Lodd. cat. 169 ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 117 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos arenarius R.A. Dyer, J. S. African Bot. 22(1): 1 (1956), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos barteri Carruth. ex Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 243 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos barteri subsp. allochrous L.E. Newton, "J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 77: 125-129" (1978), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos brachyphyllus Lehm. & De Vriese, "in Hoeven & De Vriese, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 4: 414, tt. 6 & 7" (1837-8), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos brevifoliolatus Vorster, S. African J. Bot. 62(1): 61-64 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos brownei hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 117 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos bubalinus Melville, Kew Bull.: 252 (1957), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos caffer (Thunb.) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 14 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos caffer var. brachyphyllus A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 532 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos caffer var. integrifolius Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 113 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos caffer var. longifolia hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos caffer var. unidentatus Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 113 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos caffrorum hort. Scion ex Yates, Proc. Linn. Soc. II 19 (1894), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos cerinus Lavranos & D.L. Goode, Durban Mus. Novit. 14: 153-156 (1989), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos chimanimaniensis R.A. Dyer & I. Verd., Kirkia 7: 147-158 (1969), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos concinnus R.A. Dyer & I. Verd., Kirkia 7: 147-158 (1969), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos crassifolius hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 109 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos cupidus R.A. Dyer, Bothalia 10(2): 379-383 (1971), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos cycadifolius (Jacq.) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 13 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos cycadifolius var. glaber Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 111 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos cycadifolius var. friedericii-guilielmi Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 111 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos cycadis Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3: 626 (1839), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos delucanus "Malaisse, Sclavo & Crosiers", Ann. Gembloux 98: 153 (1992), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos denisonii (C. Moore & F. Muell.) F. Muell., Quart. J. Pharm. Soc. Victoria 2: 90 (1859), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos dolomiticus Lavranos & D.L. Goode, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 58: 219-224 (1988), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos douglasii F. Muell., Australas. Chem. Drugg. 4: 80 (1883), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos durnonianus hort. ex Warb., Pflanzenwelt 1: 332 f. 32B (1913), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos dyeri F. Muell., Australas. Chem. Drugg. 8: 12 (1885), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos dyerianus Lavranos & D.L. Goode, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 58: 219-224 (1988), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos elliptica Lodd. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 723 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos elongatus Lehm.[or Miq.?], "in Hoeven & De Vriese, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 4: 419, t. 8A" (1837), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos equatorialis P.J.H. Hurter, S. African J. Bot. 61(4): 226-229 (1995), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii I. Verd., J. S. African Bot. 11(1): 1-3 (1945), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos eugene-maraisii subsp. middleburgensis Lavranos & D.L. Goode, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 58: 219-224 (1988), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos eximius I. Verd., Bothalia 6: 426 (1934), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos ferox Bertol. f., Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 3: 264 (1851), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos fraseri (Miq.) Miq., Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 368 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi Lehm., "Pugill. 6: 8, tt. 1-3" (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos ghellinckii Lem., "Ill. Hort. 14, misc.: 80" (1867), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos glaber hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos gorceixianus Saporta, Pl. Jurass. 2: 336 (1875), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos grandis hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 113 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos graniticolus "Robbertse, Vorster & S. van der Westhuizen", "S. African J. Bot. 54: 363-366, figs 1-2" (1988), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos gratus Prain, Bull. Misc. Inform.: 181 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos gratus var. manikensis Gilliland, ?? (), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos heenanii R.A. Dyer, Bothalia 10(4): 539-546 (1972), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos heteropterus hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 123 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos hildebrandtii A. Braun & C.D. Bouché, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 8 (1874), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos hildebrandtii var. dentatus Melville, Kew Bull.:248 (1957), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos hirsutus P.J.H. Hurter, "S. African J. Bot. 62(1): 46-48, fig 1" (1996), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus (Jacq.) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 14 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus var. hallianus (deVriese) Miq., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 117" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus var. lanuginosus (Jacq.) Miq., "Ann Sc. Nat. ser.2, 10: 367" (1838), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus var. latifrons (Lehm.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 117" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus var. nanus (Lehm.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 117" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus var. tridens Miq., Monogr. Cycad.57 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus var. trispinosus Hook., Bot. Mag. 89: t. 5371 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos horridus var. van hallii (deVriese) J. Schust., "in Otto & Dietrich., Allg. Gartenz. 326" (1838), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos humilis I. Verd., "Bothalia 6: 220, 241, pl. 3 " (1951), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos imbricans Vorster, "Novon 5: 388, figs 2-5" (1995), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos inopinus R.A. Dyer, Bothalia 8(2): 169-170 (1964), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos ituriensis Bamps & Lisowski, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 57: 152-155 (1990), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos katzeri hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos kisambo Faden & Beentje, Utafiti 2: 7-10 (1989), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos kosiensis Hutch., Bull. Misc. Inform.: 512 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos laevifolius Stapf & Burtt Davy, Fl. Transvaal & Sw. 1: 40 & 99 (1926), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lanatus Stapf & Burtt Davy, "Fl. Transvaal & Sw. 1: 40, 90, fig. 4d" (1926), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lanuginosus (Jacq.) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 14 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lanuginosus var. katzeri Regel ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos latifolius Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3: 626 (), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos latifrons Lehm., "Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 4: 424, t. 9" (1837), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos laurentianus De Wild., "Etudes Fl. Bas et Moy - Congo 1: 10, t. 25" (1903), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lebomboensis I. Verd., Fl. Pl. Africa 27: pls 1078-1079 (1949), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lehmannii Lehm., Pugill. 6: 14 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lehmannii forma dentatus Regel ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 115 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lehmannii forma spinulosus (Lehm.) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 115 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lehmannii var. spinulosus (Lehm.) Miq., Linnaea 19: 420 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lemarinellianus De Wild. & Th. Dur., Compt. Rend. Soc. Bot. Belg. 39: 80 (), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos lepeschkinei hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 116 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos longifolius (Jacq.) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 14 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos longifolius var. angustifolius Miq., Monogr. Cycad 56 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos longifolius var. latifolius Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 113 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos longifolius var. revolutus Miq., Monogr. Cycad 55 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos macdonnellii F. Muell. ex Miq., "Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 376, as `Macdonelli'" (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos mackenii hort. ex Miq., "Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. II 3: 55" (1869), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos mackenziei L.E.Newton, "Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 140: 187-192, figs 1-6" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos macrophyllus hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 116 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos macrostrobilus S. Jones & J. Wynants, "Encephalartos 50: 13-17, figs 1-2" (1997), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos manikensis Gilliland (Gilliland), Proc. Rhodesia Sci. Assoc. 37: 133-134 (1939), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos marumii De Vreise, "in Hoeven & De Vriese, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 5: 187" (1838-9), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos marunguensis Devred, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 91: 104-110 (1958), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos mauritianus Miq., Monogr. Cycad 48 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos middelburgensis Vorster, S. African J. Bot. 55: 122-126 (1989), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos miquelii F. Muell., Fragm. 3: 38 (1862), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos moorei (F. Muell.) F. Muell., Fragm. 11: 1225 (1881), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos msinganus Vorster, S. African J. Bot. 62(2): 67-70 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos munchii R.A. Dyer & I. Verd., Kirkia 7: 147-158 (1969), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos nanus Lehm. in Hoeven & De Vriese, "Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 4: 421, t. 8c" (1837), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos natalensis R.A. Dyer & I. Verd., "Bothalia 6(1): 205-211, pls 1-3" (1951), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos ngoyanus I. Verd., Fl. Pl. Africa 27: pls 1053-1054 (1949), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos niveo-lanuginosus Wendl. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 118 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos nubimontanus P.J.H. Hurter, "Phytologia 78(6): 409-410, fig. 1" (1995), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos oldfieldii Miq., Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 370 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos paucidentatus Stapf & Burtt Davy, "Fl. Transvaal & Sw. 1: 40 & 99, fig. 4a" (1926), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos pauli-guilielmi (W. Hill & F. Muell.) F. Muell., Quart. J. Pharm. Soc. Victoria 2: 91 (1859), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos poggei Asch., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 20: 35-36 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos preissii (Lehm.) F. Muell., Quart. J. Pharm. Soc. Victoria 2: 90 (1859), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos princeps R.A. Dyer, "J. S. African Bot. 31(2): 111-112, pl. 19" (1965), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos pruniferus Sweet, "Hort. Brit. ed. 3: 626, as pruinifera" (1839), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos pterogonus R.A. Dyer & I. Verd., Kirkia 7: 147-158 (1969), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos pumilus Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3: 626 (1839), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos pungens (Aiton) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 13 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos regalis W. Bull, "Retaill List 1899: 4, t. 8" (1899), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos regalis hort. ex J. Schust., "Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112, 119" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos relictus P.J.H. Hurter, Bothalia 31: 197-199 (2001), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos repandus Sweet, "Hort. Brit. ed. 3: 626, as repanda" (1839), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos revolutus hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos royenii hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 109 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos schaijesii "Malaisse, Sclavo & Crosiers", Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 62: 215-219 (1993), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos schmitzii Malaisse, Bull. Jard. Bot. Belg. 39: 401-406 (1969), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sclavoi "De Luca, D.W. Stev. & A. Moretti", Delpinoa 29-30: 3-5 (1989), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Lepidozamia (Regel) Miq., Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 371 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Macrozamia Miq., Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 368 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Parazamia Miq., Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 374 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Monoaustrales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 108" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Polyaustrales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 109" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Polyaustrales subsect. Microphylli J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 109" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Polyaustrales subsect. Macrophylli J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 109" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Aequatoriales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 118" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Aequatoriales subsect. Austro-orientales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 118" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Aequatoriales subsect. Centrales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 121" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos sect. Aequatoriales subsect. Occidentales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 123" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos senticosus Vorster, S. African J. Bot 62(2): 76-79 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos septentrionalis Schweinf., Bot. Zeit. Berlin 29: 334 (1871), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos spinulosus Lehm., "in Hoeven & De Vriese, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 4: 419, t. 8C" (1837-8), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos spiralis (Salisb.) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 13 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos spiralis var. diplomera F. Muell., Fragm. 5: 172 (1866), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos spiralis var. major Miq., Versl. Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. 15: 368 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos striatus Stapf & Burtt Davy, "in Burtt-Davy, Fl. Transvaal & Sw. 1: 40 & 99" (1926), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos successibus Vorster, S. African J. Bot. 61: 347 (1995), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos tegulaneus Melville, Kew Bull.: 249 (1957), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos tegulaneus subsp. powysii Mirungu & Beentje, J. East African Nat. Hist. 88: 35 (1999), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos transvenosus Stapf & Burtt Davy, "Fl. Transvaal & Sw. 1: 40 & 99, fig. 4b" (1926), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos tridentatus (Willd.) Lehm., Pugill. 6: 13 (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos trispinosus (Hook.) R.A. Dyer, "J. S. African Bot. 31(2): 112-116, pl. 20" (1965), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos turneri Lavranos & D.L. Goode, "Garcia de Orta, sér. Bot. 7: 11-14" (1985), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos umbeluziensis R.A. Dyer, Fl. Pl. Africa 28: pl. 1100 (1951), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos van geerti Miq., "in Otto & Dietr., Allg. Gartenz. 332" (1834), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos van-den-heckei hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 113 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos vanhallii De Vreise, "in Hoeven & De Vriese, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 4: 419, t. 10" (1837-8), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos venetus Vorster, S. African J. Bot. 62: 71 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos verrucosus "Robbertse, Vorster & S. van der Westhuizen", "S. African J. Bot. 54: 487-490, figs 1-3" (1988), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos verschaffelti Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 3: 111; Gartenflora 35: t. 822 (1875), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos villosus Lem., "Ill. Hort. 14, misc.: 79; 15: t. 557" (1867), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos villosus f. hildebrandtii (A. Braun) P. Hennings, Gartenfl. 238 (1890), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos villosus f. intermedia P. Hennings, "Gartenfl. 238 f. 2a, 5" (1890), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos villosus var. nobilis hort., "Gard. Chron. 6: 709, 711" (1876), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos voiensis "A. Moretti, D.W. Stev. & J.P. Sclavo", Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 935 (1989), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos vromii H. Matte, Recherche App. Lib. Lign. Cycad.: 70 (1904), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos whitelockii P.J.H. Hurter, "Phytologia 78(6): 410-411, fig. 3" (1995), nom. nud.]
[Encephalartos woodii Sander, Gard. Chron.: 257 (1908), nom. nud.]
[EPICYCAS de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 388" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Epicycas elongata (Leandri) S.L. Yang, "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 393" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Epicycas lindstromii "(S.L. Yang, K.D. Hill & H.T. Nguyen) de Laub.", "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 395" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Epicycas micholitzii (Dyer) de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 389" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Epicycas miquelii (Warb.) de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 393" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Epicycas multipinnata (Chen & Yang) de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 391" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Epicycas siamensis (Miq.) de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 393" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Epicycas tonkinensis (L. Linden & Rodigas) de Laub., "in De Laub. & Adema, Blumea 43: 391" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Eriozamia latifolia hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 131 (1932), nom. nud.]
[LEPIDOZAMIA Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1: 182 (1857), nom. nud.]
[Lepidozamia hopei Regel, Gartenflora 25: 6 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Lepidozamia peroffskyana Regel, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1: 184 (1857), nom. nud.]
[LOMARIA Willd., (), nom. nud.]
[Lomaria eriopus Kunze, Linnaea 13: 152 (1839), nom. nud.]
[Lomaria lagopus T. Moore, Hook. Kew. J 5: 228 (1853), nom. nud.]
[MACROZAMIA Miq., Monogr. Cycad.: 35 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia breviformis hort. ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 130 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia cardiacensis P.I. Forst. & D.L. Jones, Fl. Australia 48: 717 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia communis L.A.S. Johnson, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 64(1): 98 (1959), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia concinna D.L. Jones, Fl. Australia 48: 718 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia conferta D.L. Jones & P.I. Forst., "Austrobaileya 4(2): 271-273, fig. 1" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia corallipes Hook. f., Bot. Mag 98: sub t.5943 (1872), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia cranei D.L. Jones & P.I. Forst., "Austrobaileya 4(2): 273-275, fig. 2" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia crassifolia P.I. Forst. & D.L. Jones, "Austrobaileya 4(2): 275-276, fig. 3" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia cylindrica C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 119 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia denisonii C. Moore & F. Muell., "in F. Muell., Fragm. 1: 41" (1858), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia denisonii var. hopei (W. Hill) J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 101 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia diplomera (F. Muell.) L.A.S. Johnson, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 98 (1959), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia douglasii W. Hill ex F.M. Bailey, "Syn. Queensland Fl., 500" (1883), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia dyeri (F. Muell.) C.A. Gardner, "Enum. Pl. Austral. Occid., 3" (1930), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia elegans K.D. Hill & D.L. Jones, Fl. Australia 48: 718 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia fawcettii C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 120 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia fearnsidei D.L. Jones, Austrobaileya 3(3): 481 (1991), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia flexuosa C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 121 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia fraseri Miq., Monogr. Cycad.: 37 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia glaucophylla D.L. Jones, Fl. Australia 48: 718 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia heteromera C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 122 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia heteromera var. dicranophylloides J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 96" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia heteromera var. glauca C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 122 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia heteromera var. tenuifolia C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 122 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia heteromera var. tenuifolia forma harmsii J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 96" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia hopei C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 116 (1883), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia hopei W. Hill ex F.M. Bailey, "Syn. Queensland Fl., suppl. 1: 52" (1886), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia humilis D.L. Jones, Fl. Australia 48: 719 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia johnsonii D.L. Jones & K.D. Hill, Telopea 5(1): 31 (1992), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia littoralis Liebm. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: ?" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia lomandroides D.L. Jones, Austrobaileya 3(3): 483 (1991), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia longispina P.I. Forst. & D.L. Jones, "in P. McCarthy (ed.), Fl. Australia 48: 717" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia lucida L.A.S. Johnson, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 102 (1959), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia macdonnellii (F. Muell. ex Miq.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 537 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia machinii P.I. Forst. & D.L. Jones, Austrobaileya 4(2): 276 (1994), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia mackenzii hort. ex Mast., Gard. Chron. n.s. 7: 665 (1877), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia macleayi Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3(5): 250 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia miquelii (F. Muell.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 535 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia montana K.D. Hill, Fl. Australia 48: 717 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia moorei F. Muell., Australas. Chem. Drugg. 4: 84 (1881), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia mountperriensis F.M. Bailey, "Syn. Queensland Fl., suppl. 1, 50" (1886), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia occidua D.L. Jones & P.I. Forst., "Austrobaileya 4(2): 278, fig. 5" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia oldfieldii (Miq.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 535 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia parcifolia P.I. Forst. & D.L. Jones, "Austrobaileya 4(2): 279-281, fig. 6" (1994), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi W. Hill & F. Muell., Fragm. 1: 86 (1859), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi subsp. flexuosa (C. Moore) L.A.S. Johnson, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 109 (1959), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi subsp. plurinervia L.A.S. Johnson, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 108 (1959), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia pectinata Liebm. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: ?" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia peroffskyana (Regel) Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 252 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia platyrhachis F.M. Bailey, Queensland Agric. J. 3: 356 (1898), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia plumosa Mohr, "Rev. Hort. Belge Etrangère 3: 69, fig. 7" (1877), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia plumosa Rafarin, "Rev. Hort. 49: 255, fig. 43" (1877), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia plurinervia (L.A.S. Johnson) D.L. Jones, Austrobaileya 3(3): 484 (1991), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia polymorpha D.L. Jones, Fl. Australia 48: 718 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia preissii Lehm., Pugill. 8: 31 (1844), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia preissii subsp. dyeri (F. Muell.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 102" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia reducta K.D. Hill & D.L. Jones, Fl. Australia 48: 718 (1998), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia riedlei (Gaudich.) C.A. Gardner, "Enum. Pl. Austral. Occid., 3" (1930), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Genuinae Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 247 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Lepidozamia (Regel) Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 253 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Monooccidentales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 87" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Monoorientales J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 88 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Parazamia (Miq.) Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 3: 250 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Polyorientales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 87" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Polyorientales subsect. Acutae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 87" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Polyorientales subsect. Attenuatae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 87" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia sect. Polyorientales subsect. Curvatae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 87" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia secunda C. Moore, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. New South Wales 17: 122 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia secunda var. dichotoma C. Moore & Betche, "Handb. Fl. New South Wales, 379" (1893), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia serpentina D.L. Jones & P.I. Forst., "Austrobaileya 6(1): 90-92, figs 20-21" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis (Salisb.) Miq., Monogr. Cycad.: 36 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. corallipes (Hook. f.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 6: 252 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. cylindracea Benth., Fl. Austral. 6: 252 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. cylindrica (C. Moore) Maiden & Betche, Census New South Wales Pl.: 9 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. cylindrica Regel, Gartenflora 25: 228 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. diplomera (F. Muell.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 535 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. eximia Regel, Gartenflora 25: 228 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. fawcettii (C. Moore) Maiden & Betche, Census New South Wales Pl.: 9 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. flexuosa (C. Moore) Maiden & Betche, Census New South Wales Pl.: 9 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. fraseri Regel, Gartenflora 25: 229 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. heteromera (C. Moore) Maiden & Betche, Census New South Wales Pl.: 9 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. hillii Regel, Gartenflora 25: 228 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. secunda (C. Moore) Maiden & Betche, Census New South Wales Pl.: 9 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia spiralis var. secunda Benth., Fl. Austral. 6: 252 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia stenomera L.A.S. Johnson, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 84: 106 (1959), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata (Willd.) Regel, "Gartenflora 25: 229, t. 875, figs 4-7" (1876), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica (C. Moore) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 91" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica var. corallipes (Hook.f.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 93" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica var. corallipes forma dielsii J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 93" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica var. corallipes forma vavilovii J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 93" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica var. corallipes forma wallsendensis J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 90" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica var. pungens (Willd.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 93" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica var. pungens forma diplomera (F. Muell.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 94" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. cylindrica var. pungens forma hillii J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 93" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. mountperriensis (F.M. Bailey) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 89" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. mountperriensis var. douglasii (F. Muell.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 90" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. mountperriensis var. mackenzii (hort. ex Mast.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 90" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. mountperriensis var. miquelii (F. Muell.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 90" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. mountperriensis var. miquelii forma dielsii J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 93" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. mountperriensis var. miquelii forma milkaui J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 90" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata subsp. mountperriensis var. miquelii forma oblongifolia (Regel) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 93" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata var. oblongifolia Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4: 320 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia tridentata. subsp. cylindrica var. secunda (C. Moore) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 91" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Macrozamia viridis D.L. Jones & P.I. Forst., "Austrobaileya 4(2): 281-283, fig. 7" (1994), nom. nud.]
[MICROCYCAS (Miq.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 522-548 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Microcycas calocoma (Miq.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 522-548 (1868), nom. nud.]
[PLATYZAMIA Zucc., "Abh. Math.-Physik. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4: 23, t. 4" (1845), nom. nud.]
[Platyzamia rigida Zucc., Abh. Math.-Physik. Cl. Konigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4: 23. (1845), nom. nud.]
[Stangeriaceae A. Schenk, "in Zittel, Handb. Palaeontol 2: 216" (1890), nom. nud.]
[STANGERIA T. Moore, Hook. Kew J. 5: 228 (1853), nom. nud.]
[Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill., Hist. Pl. 12: 68 (1892), nom. nud.]
[Stangeria katzeri Regel, "Gartenflora 23: 163, t. 798" (1874), nom. nud.]
[Stangeria paradoxa T. Moore, Hook. Kew J. 5: 228 (1853), nom. nud.]
[Stangeria schizodon Bull, Catalog 72: 8 (1872), nom. nud.]
[ZAMIA L., "Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1659" (1763), nom. nud.]
[Zamia acuminata Oerst. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 190-195" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia allison-armourii Millsp., "Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot., ser. 2: 23" (1900), nom. nud.]
[Zamia altensteinii (Miq.) Heynh., Nom. Bot. Hort. 1: 862 (1840), nom. nud.]
[Zamia amazonum D.W. Stev., "Fl. Colombia 21: 33, fig. 3" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Zamia amblyphyllidia D.W. Stev., Fairchild Trop. Gard. Bull. 42(3): 26 (1987), nom. nud.]
[Zamia amplifolia hort. Bull ex Mast., "Gard. Chron., ser 2, 10(261): 810" (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia amplifrons hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 130, 142" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia angustifolia Jacq., "Collectanea 3: 263, pl. 636" (1789), nom. nud.]
[Zamia angustifolia var. angustissima (Miq.) Regel, Gartenflora 27: 13 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia angustifolia var. floridana (A. DC.) Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4(4): 315 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia angustifolia var. stricta (Miq.) Regel, Gartenflora 27: 13 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia angustifolia var. yatesii (Miq.) Regel, Gartenflora 27: 13 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia angustissima Miq., Verh. Nederl. Inst. 3(4): 184 (1851), nom. nud.]
[Zamia atropurpurea Parment. ex Miq., Prodr. Syst. Cycad.: 23 (1861), nom. nud.]
[Zamia aurea hort. ex Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 297 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Zamia australia Berry, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 73: 11 (1928), nom. nud.]
[Zamia baraquiniana hort. Cf., Gard. Chron. (1868) 349 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia baraquiniana hort. ex Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 27: 7 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia beeldsnijderiana Beelds., Cat. t. 1 (), nom. nud.]
[Zamia beeldsnijderiana ALT Beelds. ex Pritz., Icon. Bot. Index.: 1179 (1855), nom. nud.]
[Zamia boliviana (Brongn.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 540 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia brachyphylla hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 159" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia brongniartii Wedd., "Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, 13: 249, t. 4" (1849), nom. nud.]
[Zamia caffra Gaertn., "Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 15, t. 3" (1800), nom. nud.]
[Zamia calcicola Britton ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 155" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia calocoma Miq., "in Van Houtte, Fl. Serres 7(6): 141" (1852), nom. nud.]
[Zamia caracasana Lodd. Cat. 185 ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 738 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia chamberlainii J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 153" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia chigua Seem., "Bot. Voy. Herald 6: 201-203, t. 43" (1854), nom. nud.]
[Zamia collazoensis Hollick, Scient. Surv. Peurto Rico 7: 185 (1928), nom. nud.]
[Zamia concinna hort. Booth ex Regel, Gartenflora 27: 9 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia concinna hort. Par. ex H. Wendl., Index Palm.: 52 (1854), nom. nud.]
[Zamia corallipes J. Versch., "Cat. n. 17: 5, 7" (1873-74), nom. nud.]
[Zamia corsoniana G. Don, Gard. Mag. & Reg. Rural Domest. Improv. 18: 371 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Zamia crassifolia hort. Williams ex T. Moore, "Florist & Pomol., 1877:14, fig. s.n. (p.15)" (1877), nom. nud.]
[Zamia crassifolia hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 143" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cremnophila "Vovides, Schutzman & Dehgan", Bot. Gaz. 149: 351 (1988), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cunaria Dressler & D.W. Stev., Brittonia 45(1): 5-6 (1993), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cupatiensis Ducke, "Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 20, pl. 1" (1922), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cycadifolia Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 195" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cycadifolia Lodd. Cat. 175 ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 719 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cycadifolia S. Brunn., Flora 8: 733. plate s.n. (1825), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cycadifolius Jacq., "Fragm. Bot. 1: 27, tt. 25, 26" (1801), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cycadis L. f., Suppl. Pl.: 443 (1782), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cylindrica hort. Booth ex Regel, Gartenflora 27: 9 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cylindrica Liebm. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 195" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia cylindrica var. angustifolia hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 148" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia debilis L. f. , "in Aiton, Hortus Kew. ed. 1, 3: 478" (1789), nom. nud.]
[Zamia debilis Salisb., "Prodr. Stirp., 400" (1796), nom. nud.]
[Zamia debilis Lodd., Bot. Cab.: t. 155 (1818), nom. nud.]
[Zamia dentata hort. Angl. ex Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 432 (1822), nom. nud.]
[Zamia dentata Voigt, Syll. Ratisb. 2: 53 (1828), nom. nud.]
[Zamia disodon D.W. Stev. & Sabato, "Fl. Colombia 21: 38-40, fig. 4" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Zamia dressleri D.W. Stev., Brittonia 45(1): 6 (1993), nom. nud.]
[Zamia elegans hort. ex Yates, "Proc. Linn. Soc. 2: 18, 19" (1849), nom. nud.]
[Zamia elegantissima hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia elegantissima "Schutzman, Vovides & R.S. Adams", Phytologia 85(3): 140 (dated 1998) (2000), nom. nud.]
[Zamia elliptica Lodd. Cat. 173 ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 723 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia elongata (Miq.) Heynh., Nom. Bot. Hort. 1: 862 (1840), nom. nud.]
[Zamia encephalartoides D.W. Stev., "Fl. Colombia 21: 40-42, fig. 5" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Zamia eriolepis hort. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 195" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia erosa Cook & Collins, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 8: 267 (1903), nom. nud.]
[Zamia fairchildiana L.D. Gómez, Phytologia 50: 401-404 (1982), nom. nud.]
[Zamia farinosa Corda ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 145" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia ferruginea hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 145" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia fischeri Miq., "in Lem., Hort. Vanhoutt. 1: 20" (1845), nom. nud.]
[Zamia floridana A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 544 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia floridana var. purshiana J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 151" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia floridana var. purshiana f. silvicola (Small) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 152" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia forgetiana hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 141" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia forsteri hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 145" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia fraseri Van Houtte ex Regel, Gartenflora 25: 229 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia friderici-guilielmi hort. Parment. ex Miq., Prodr. Syst. Cycad.: 22 (1861), nom. nud.]
[Zamia friderici-guilielmi (Miq.) Heynh., Nom. Bot. Hort. 1: 862 (1840), nom. nud.]
[Zamia furfuracea L. f., "in Aiton, Hortus Kew. 3: 477" (1789), nom. nud.]
[Zamia furfuracea var. angustifolia Regel ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 138" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia furfuracea var. latifolia hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 142" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia furfuracea var. obovata Wendl. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 143" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia furfuracea var. trewii A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 541 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia fusca hort. Paull. ex Regel, Gartenflora 25: 261 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia fusca Verschaffelt ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 138" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia fusca var. latifolia hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 143" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia fuscata hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 138" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia galeotti De Vriese, "in Hoeven & De Vriese, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 12: 24" (1845), nom. nud.]
[Zamia gentryi Dodson, "Novon 8(1): 12-14, fig. 1 a-f" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Zamia gigas Williamson, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26: 663-674 (1870), nom. nud.]
[Zamia glabra hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia glauca hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 115, 117" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia glaucescens hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 115" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia gleina hort. quor. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 729 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia gracilis Karw. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 148" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia grandis hort. Cf, Gard. Chron. 365 (1865), nom. nud.]
[Zamia guggenheimiana Carabia, Caribbean Forest. 2: 89 (1941), nom. nud.]
[Zamia gutierrezi Sauv., Anal. Acad. Cienc. Nat. Haban. (reimp. 2) (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia herrerae Calderón & Standl., "Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14(4): 93-99, fig. 1" (1924), nom. nud.]
[Zamia heyderi Lauche, Gart. Zeit: 457 f.134-135 (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia horrida Jacq., "Fragm. Bot. 1: 27, t. 28" (1801), nom. nud.]
[Zamia hildebrandtii hort. ex Carr., Rev. Hort. 456 f.93 (1880), nom. nud.]
[Zamia horrida Lodd. Cat. 166 ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 725 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia houtteana Dyer ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 137" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia humilis Salisb., Prodr. Stirp.: 400 (1796), nom. nud.]
[Zamia hymenophyllidia D.W. Stev., "Fl. Colombia 21: 4344, fig. 6" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Zamia inermis "Vovides, J.D. Rees & Vázq. Torres", Flora de Veracruz 26: 22-24 (1983), nom. nud.]
[Zamia insignis hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 160" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia integrifolia L. f., "in Aiton, Hortus Kew. 3: 477-479" (1789), nom. nud.]
[Zamia integrifolia A. Gray ex A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 544 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia integrifolia sensu Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 648 (1814), nom. nud.]
[Zamia integrifolia sensu Rich., "Comm. Bot. Conif. Cycad.: 191, t. 27" (1826), nom. nud.]
[Zamia ipetiensis D.W. Stev., Brittonia 45(1): 7-9 (1993), nom. nud.]
[Zamia jirijirimensis R.E. Schult., Mutisia 15: 2 (1953), nom. nud.]
[Zamia kalbreyeri Dammer ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 142" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia katzeriana (Regel) Rettig, Gartenflora 45: 148-149 (1896), nom. nud.]
[Zamia katzeri Regel ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 112" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia kickxii Miq., "Monogr. Cycad.: 71, t. 8" (1842), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lacandona B. Schutzman & Vovides, "Novon 8(4): 441-446, figs 1-3" (1998), nom. nud.]
[Zamia laeta Salisb., "Prodr. Stirp., 400" (1796), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lanuginosa Jacq., "Fragm. Bot. 1: ?28, tt. 30, 31" (1801), nom. nud.]
[Zamia latifolia Karwinski ex J. Schust., Pflanzenr. 99: 131 (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia latifolia Lodd., Cat. n. 187 (), nom. nud.]
[Zamia latifolia Lodd. ex DC., Prodr. 16(2) 541 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia latifoliolata Prenl., Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 11: 278 (1872), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lawsoniana Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 195" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lecointei Ducke, "Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 1: 9-10, pls 1-2" (1915), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lehmanniana Eckl. & Zeyh., Allg. Gartenzeitung 1: 158 (1833), nom. nud.]
[Zamia leiboldii Miq., Linnaea 19: 425 (1847), nom. nud.]
[Zamia leiboldii var. angustifolia Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4(4): 307 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia leiboldii var. latifolia Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4(4): 307 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lindenii Regel ex André, "Ill. Hort. 22: 23, pl. 195" (1875), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lindleyana H. Wendl., Index Palm.: 53 (1854), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lindleyi Warsz. ex A. Dietrich, "Allg. Gartenzeitung 19: 146, fig. s.n." (1851), nom. nud.]
[Zamia linearifolia Linden, Ill. Hort. 28: 32 (1881), nom. nud.]
[Zamia linearis Miq. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 159" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia linifolia hort. Pawl. ex Regel, Gartenflora 27: 12 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii Miq., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 72-73 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. angustifolia Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 30(1): 190 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. angustifolia (Regel) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 148" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. cycadifolia (Dyer) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 148" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. latifolia (Lodd. ex Miq.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 147-8" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. lieboldii (Miq.) A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 541 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. longifolia J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 147" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. obtusifolia Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou 30(1): 190 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia loddigesii var. spartea (A. DC.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 148" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia longifolia Jacq., "Fragm. Bot. 1: 28, t. 29" (1801), nom. nud.]
[Zamia lucayana Britton, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 5: 311 (1907), nom. nud.]
[Zamia mackenii hort. ex Miq., "Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 2(3): 55" (1869), nom. nud.]
[Zamia macleani Regel, Gartenflora 25: 371 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia macleayi hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 100" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia macrochiera D.W. Stev., "Cycad Classification: Concepts & Recommendations: 185-186, fig. 14.7" (2004), nom. nud.]
[Zamia macrophylla Parment. ex Miq., Prodr. Syst. Cycad.: 23 (1861), nom. nud.]
[Zamia madida R.E. Schult., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 18: 114 (1958), nom. nud.]
[Zamia maeleni Miq., Linnaea 18: 97 (1844), nom. nud.]
[Zamia manicata Linden ex Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Petersburgsk. Bot. Sada 4: 310 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media Jacq., "Hort. Schoenb. 3: 77, tt. 397, 398" (1798), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. commeniliana J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 155" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. commeniliana f. silicea (Britton) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 157" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. jacquiniana J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 157" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. jacquiniana f. brevipinnata J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 158" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. gutierrezii (Sauv.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 154" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. gutierrezii f. calcicola Britton ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 155" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. portoricensis (Urban) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 158" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media var. tenuis (Willd.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 158" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia media sensu Sims, Bot. Mag.: t. 1838 (1816), nom. nud.]
[Zamia melanorrhachis D.W. Stev., "Fl. Colombia 21: 55, fig. 11" (2001), nom. nud.]
[Zamia mexicana G. Don f., "in Loud., Encycl. Pl., new ed.: 1526" (1855), nom. nud.]
[Zamia mexicana Miq., "Prodr. Syst. Cycad.: 13, 26" (1861), nom. nud.]
[Zamia miqueli hort. Adelaide ex Regel, Gartenflora 25: 230 (1876), nom. nud.]
[Zamia mississipiensis Berry, Torreya 16: 177 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Zamia montana A. Braun, "Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Apr 1875 : 376" (1875), nom. nud.]
[Zamia monticola Chamb., "Bot. Gaz. 81: 219, 223, figs 1-3" (1926), nom. nud.]
[Zamia multifoliolata A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 545 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia muricata Willd., "Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 4: 847-848" (1806), nom. nud.]
[Zamia muricata var. angustifolia Miq., Monogr. Cycad.: 66 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Zamia muricata var. katzeriana Regel ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 138" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia muricata var. obtusifolia Miq., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10: 71-72 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia muricata var. picta Van Houtte, Catal. 27: 45 (1846), nom. nud.]
[Zamia muricata var. picta Miq., Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1: 189-9 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Zamia nana hort. Germ. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 729 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia neurophyllidia D.W. Stev., "Brittonia 45(1): 10, fig. 5" (1993), nom. nud.]
[Zamia nigra hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 145" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia noblei Hollick, Scient. Surv. Peurto Rico 7: 185 (1928), nom. nud.]
[Zamia noeffiana Linden ex Wittmack, Gartenflora 46: 358 (1897), nom. nud.]
[Zamia obidensis Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 19 (1922), nom. nud.]
[Zamia obliqua A. Braun, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin: 376 (1875), nom. nud.]
[Zamia obliqua Regel ex A. Ducos, "Ill. Hortic. 24: 140, pl. 289" (1877), nom. nud.]
[Zamia occidentalis Lodd., Cat. n. 177 (), nom. nud.]
[Zamia occidentalis Lodd. Cat 177 ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 711 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia oligodonta E. Calderón-Sáenz & D.W. Stev., Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. (in press) (2004), nom. nud.]
[Zamia ortgiesi J. Braun ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 142" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia ottonis Miq., Linnaea 17: 740 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pallida Salisb., "Prodr. Stirp., 401" (1796), nom. nud.]
[Zamia parasitica Poepp. ex Eichler, "in Mart., Fl. Bras. 4(1): 414" (1863), nom. nud.]
[Zamia paucijuga Wieland, "American Fossil Cycads 2: 212, fig. 86" (1916), nom. nud.]
[Zamia picta Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 194" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler, Fl. Bras. 4: 414-416 (1863), nom. nud.]
[Zamia polymorpha "D.W. Stev., A. Moretti & Vázq. Torres", Delpinoa n.s. 37-38: 3-8 (dated 1995) (1998), nom. nud.]
[Zamia portoricensis Urban, Symb. Antill. 1: 291 (1899), nom. nud.]
[Zamia potemkini hort. ex Miq., "Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 2(4): 30" (1870), nom. nud.]
[Zamia praecedens Ettingsh. in Krasser, "Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. Kl. 112: 853" (1903), nom. nud.]
[Zamia prasina W. Bull, Retail List: 20 (1881), nom. nud.]
[Zamia prasina sensu Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 194" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia protea Wieland, "Bol. Inst. Geol. Mexico 31: t. 47, f. 3" (1914), nom. nud.]
[Zamia princeps hort. W. Bull ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 194" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia prunifera Lodd. Cat. ex G. Don, "in Loud., Hort. Brit.: 403" (1830), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pseudomonticola L.D. Gómez, Phytologia 50(6): 401-404 (1982), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pseudoparasitica Yates in Seem., "Bot. Voy. Herald 6: 201-203, 253" (1854), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pseudoparasitica var. latifolia J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 142" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pumila L., "Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1659" (1763), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pumila hort. ex Regel, Gartenflora 27: 11 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pumila subsp. pygmaea (Sims) J.E. Eckenwalder, "J. Arnold Arbor., 61(4): 719" ((1980 publ. 1981)), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pungens L. f., "in Aiton, Hortus Kew. 3: 478" (1789), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pungens hort. Parisien. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 725 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pungens L. f. ex Salisb., "Prodr. Stirp., 401" (1796), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pungens Lodd. Cat. 165 ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 725 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia purpurea "Vovides, J.D. Rees & Vázq. Torres", Flora de Veracruz 26: 28-31 (1983), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pygmaea Sims, Bot. Mag. 43: t.1741 (1815), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pygmaea Lodd., Bot. Cab.: t. 113 (1818), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pygmaea var. kickxii (Miq.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 152" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pygmaea var. ottonis (Miq.) J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 153" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia pygmaea var. wrightii A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 539 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia religiosa Usteri, Guia Bot. Praca Rep. e Jard. Luz: 8 (1919), nom. nud.]
[Zamia repanda Lodd. Cat. ex G. Don, "in Loud., Hort. Brit.: 403" (1830), nom. nud.]
[Zamia rigida Karw. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 125" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia roezlii Linden, Catalogue des Plantes Nouvelles 9: 10 (1873), nom. nud.]
[Zamia rotundifolia hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 152" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia salicina sens Hollick, Scient. Surv. Peurto Rico 7: 3 (1928), nom. nud.]
[Zamia serrulata Lodd. Cat. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 738 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sieboldi (author not stated), Gard. Chron. 2: 594 (1878), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Centrali-meridionales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 136" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Centrali-meridionales subsect. Nervistriolatae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 136" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Centrali-meridionales subsect. Nervicostatae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 141" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Mexicano-meridionales J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 143" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Mexicano-meridionales subsect. Furfuraceae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 143" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Mexicano-meridionales subsect. Muricatae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 144" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Mexicano-meridionales subsect. Loddigesianae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 145" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Caribaeae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 150" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Caribaeae subsect. Floridanae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 150" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Caribaeae subsect. Cubanae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 152" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sect. Caribaeae subsect. Antillanae J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 154" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia silicea Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 462 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Zamia silvicola Small, Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 128 (1926), nom. nud.]
[Zamia skinneri Warsz. ex A. Dietrich, "Allg. Gartenzeitung 19: 146, fig. s.n." (1851), nom. nud.]
[Zamia soconuscensis "Schutzman, Vovides & Dehgan", Bot. Gaz. 149(3): 347-351 (1988), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spadicea Karw. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 148" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spartea A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 539 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spinosa Lodd., Cat. n. 168 (), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spinosa Lodd. Cat. 168 ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 721 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spinosissima hort. Bel. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 721 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spinulosa (Lehm.) Heynh., Nom. Bot. Hort. 1: 862 (1840), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spinulosa hort. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 721 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia spiralis Salisb., "Prodr. Stirp., 401" (1796), nom. nud.]
[Zamia splendens Schutzman, Phytologia 55: 299-303 (1984), nom. nud.]
[Zamia standleyi Schutzman, Syst. Bot. 14(2): 214-219 (1989), nom. nud.]
[Zamia stricta Miq. ex Griseb., Cat. Pl. Cub.: 217 (1866), nom. nud.]
[Zamia stricta Miq., Verh. Nederl. Inst. 3(4): 183 (1851), nom. nud.]
[Zamia subcoriacea Wendl. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 155" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia sylvatica Chamb., "Bot. Gaz. 81: 223, 225" (1926), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tennesseeana Berry, "U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 156: 51 t. 32 f. 8" (1930), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tenuifolia Fisch. ex Miq., Linnaea 19: 429 (1847), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tenuis Willd., "Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 4(2): 846." (1806), nom. nud.]
[Zamia terrestris hort. ex Dyer, "in Hemsl., Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 3: 195" (1884), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tertiaria Engelhardt, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges. 16: 646 (1891), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tonkinensis L. Linden & Rodigas., Ill. Hort. 32: Planche 547 (1885), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tricuspidata hort. in Verh., Ver. Bef. Gartenb. 5: 186 (1829), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tridentata Willd., "Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 4(2): 845" (1806), nom. nud.]
[Zamia tuerckheimii Donn. Sm., "Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 35(1): 8, pl. 1" (1903), nom. nud.]
[Zamia ulei U. Dammer, Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 47: 117-118 (1907), nom. nud.]
[Zamia ulei subsp. lecointei (Ducke) Ducke, Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 2(1): 27-28 (1935), nom. nud.]
[Zamia umbrosa Small, "Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 22: 136, in adnot." (1921), nom. nud.]
[Zamia unidentata hort. Lodd. ex Miq., Linnaea 17: 715 (1843), nom. nud.]
[Zamia urep B. Walln., Linz. Biol. Beitr. 28(2): 1056 (1996), nom. nud.]
[Zamia van-houttei hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 137" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia variegata Warsz., Allg. Gartenzeitung 32: 252-253 (1845), nom. nud.]
[Zamia vazquezii "D.W. Stev., Sabato, A. Moretti & De Luca", Delpinoa n.s. 37-38: 9-17 (dated 1995) (1998), nom. nud.]
[Zamia verbruggiana hort. ex J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 159" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia vernicosa hort. Cf., Gard. Chron.: 349 (1868), nom. nud.]
[Zamia verschaffeltii Miq., Arch. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. 5: 82 (1870), nom. nud.]
[Zamia verschaffeltii Miq., "Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. 2(4): 31" (1870), nom. nud.]
[Zamia verschaffeltii f. latifolia J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 138" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia vestita Van Houtte, Van Houtte Cat. 22: 10 (1842), nom. nud.]
[Zamia villosa Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: t. 3 (1788), nom. nud.]
[Zamia villosa Herb. Van Royen ex A. DC., Prodr. 16(2): 546 (1848), nom. nud.]
[Zamia vroomani hort. ex Gentil, Pl. Cult. Serres Jard. Bot. Brux.: 194 (1907), nom. nud.]
[Zamia vroomi hort., Pl. Cult. Serres Jard. Bot. Brux.: 194 (1903), nom. nud.]
[Zamia wallisii A. Braun, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin: 376 (1875), nom. nud.]
[Zamia washingtoniana Ward, U. S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. 48: 503 (1905), nom. nud.]
[Zamia wielandii J. Schust., Jard. Bot. Brux. 194 (1903), nom. nud.]
[Zamia wielandii cf. J. Schust., "in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(1): 149" (1932), nom. nud.]
[Zamia wilcoxensis Berry, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 91: 169 (1916), nom. nud.]
[Zamia yatesii Miq., Verh. Nederl. Inst. 3(4): 182 (1851), nom. nud.]
[ , (), nom. nud.]
[ , (), nom. nud.]
[ , (), nom. nud.]
[ , (), nom. nud.]
[[RO1]Is Peru to be included? , (), nom. nud.]
[ , (), nom. nud.]

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Description:

ÿþ Description:

Bowenia spectabilis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem subterranean, tuber-like, elongate, to 10 cm in diameter, with an elongate tuberous taproot, and 1-5 short, slender leaf and conebearing branches. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-7 in the crown, erect, with 4-10 spreading branches (pinnae), 100-200 cm long, to 100 cm broad; petiole to 100 cm long. <P><I>Leaflets</I> 7-30 on each branch, obliquely lanceolate, decurrent at base, 7-15 cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad, entire or a few with occasional coarse lacerations, or rarely regularly shortly serrate. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> stalked, ovoid, to 5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter; sporophylls broadly cuneate, distally dilated and truncate. <P><I>Seed cones</I> sessile, ovoid to globose, to 10 cm long, 10 cm in diameter; sporophylls in about 8 ranks, the expanded ends &#177; hexagonal, 3-4.5 cm broad, c. 1.5 cm high. <P><I>Seeds</I> to 3.2 cm long, 1.8 cm wide; sarcotesta white maturing to dull purple. Description:

Bowenia serrulata <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem subterranean, tuber-like, subglobular, to 25 cm in diameter, with an elongate tuberous taproot, and 5-20 short, slender leaf and conebearing branches. <P><I>Leaves</I> 5-30 in the crown, erect, with 6-16 spreading branches (pinnae), 100-200 cm long, to 100 cm broad; petiole to 100 cm long. <P><I>Leaflets</I> 7-30 on each branch, sharply and regularly serrate, a few sometimes coarsely lacerate, obliquely lanceolate, decurrent at base, 7-15 cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> stalked, ovoid, to 5 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter; sporophylls broadly cuneate, distally dilated and truncate. <P><I>Seed cones</I> sessile, ovoid to globose, to 15 cm long, 15 cm in diameter; sporophylls in about 8 ranks, the expanded ends &#177; hexagonal, 3-5.5 cm broad, to 2.5 cm high. <P><I>Seeds</I> to 4.5 cm long, 3.0 cm wide; sarcotesta white maturing to dull purple. Description:

Ceratozamia alvarezii <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent (branching freely); stem 10-50 cm long, stem 9-18 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 4-18 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves dark green, semiglossy, 50-110 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 24-62 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 14-42 cm long. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, not falcate, strongly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat; median leaflets 16-33 cm long, 4-9 mm wide. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> 21-50 mm long, brown. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green (to cream), narrowly ovoid-cylindrical, 11-31 cm long, 2.5-4.5 cm diam.; peduncle 4-5 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 14-17 mm long, 6-9 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> brown, ovoid-cylindrical, 14.5-19 cm long, 5.7-10.5 cm diam.; peduncle 4.5-6.5 cm long; megasporophyll 28-45 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 15-29 mm wide. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 17-25 mm long, 17-20 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia beccarae <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent. <p>New growth emerging light green or bluish. Leaves light or bright green; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid. Description:

Ceratozamia euryphyllidia <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 20 cm long, stem 10 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 5-10 in crown. New growth emerging light green or bluish. Leaves dark green or blue green, dull, 200-320 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 12-26 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 60-90 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, ovate, asymmetric, broadest above middle, not falcate, weakly discolorous, thin or membranous; margins flat; median leaflets 18-31 cm long, 90-160 mm wide. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> 50 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> green, fusiform-cylindrical, 28 cm long, 3 cm diam.; peduncle 6-8 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 7-10 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, with two horns 1-2 mm long. <p><i>Seed cones</i> brown, ovoid-cylindrical, 20 cm long, 5 cm diam.; peduncle 12 cm long; megasporophyll 15-30 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 15-20 mm wide. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 23-27 mm long, 20 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia fuscoviridis <p><i>Plants</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> 10 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves light or bright green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, symmetric, broadest below middle, not falcate, strongly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid. Description:

Ceratozamia hildae <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 10-20 cm long, stem 5-25 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 5-20 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown, or mid-green. Leaves light or bright green, semiglossy, 100-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 20-50 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 20-30 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> clustered, lanceolate, asymmetric, broadest above middle, falcate, weakly discolorous, thin or membranous; margins flat; median leaflets 7-22 cm long, 10-50 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, fusiform-cylindrical, 18-25 cm long, 2-3 cm diam.; peduncle 3.5 cm long. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green, narrowly ovoid-cilindrical, 10-14 cm long, 3-5 cm diam.; peduncle 9 cm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 18-20 mm long, 15 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia kuesteriana <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 10-20 cm long, stem 9-13 cm diam; persistent leaf bases dark, spreading. <p><i>Leaves</i> 6-20 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves dark green, semiglossy, 80-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 60-100 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 20-30 cm long, unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat; median leaflets 10-30 cm long, 6-15 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> brown, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical to fusiform-cylindrical, 9-15 cm long, 2.5-3 cm diam.; peduncle 9-13 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 9-11 mm long, 6-9 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> green, ovoid-cylindrical, 13.5-19.5 cm long, 6.5-8 cm diam.; peduncle 12.5-15 cm long; megasporophyll 28-32 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 25-32 mm wide. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 16-21 mm long, 12-16 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia latifolia <p><i>Plants</i> arborescent; stem 10-20 cm long, stem 10 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 2-4 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves light or bright green, semiglossy, 50-100 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 30-80 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 15-20 cm long, unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, asymmetric, broadest above middle, not falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat; median leaflets 15-24 cm long, 20-40 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, fusiform-cylindrical, 15-17 cm long, 2-2.5 cm diam.; peduncle 5 cm long. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green, ovoid-cylindrical, 5-6 cm long, 4-4.5 cm diam. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 18-19 mm long, 14 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia matudae <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 50 cm long, stem 20 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 5-15 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves yellow green or light or bright green, highly glossy, 70-120 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 46-88 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 20-35 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear or lanceolate, symmetric, broadest below middle, falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat; median leaflets 20-40 cm long, 6-15 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, fusiform-cylindrical, 8-16 cm long, 3-4.5 cm diam.; peduncle 11 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 9-11 mm long, 7-8 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green, ovoid-cylindrical, 12-15 cm long, 8-9 cm diam.; peduncle 22 cm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25-30 mm long, 20-23 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia mexicana <p><i>Plants</i> arborescent; stem 50 cm long, stem 20 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 12-20 in crown. New growth emerging mid-green. Leaves light or bright green or dark green, semiglossy, 100-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 50-150 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 20-50 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, symmetric, broadest below middle, falcate, concolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat; median leaflets 20-30 cm long, 15-40 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> brown, ovoid-cylindrical, 20-30 cm long, 10-12 cm diam.; peduncle 10 cm long; 10 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> grey, ovoid-cylindrical, 20-35 cm long, 10-12 cm diam.; peduncle 12 cm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 20 mm long, 18 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia microstrobila <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 25 cm long, stem 10 cm diam; persistent leaf bases light, appressed. <p><i>Leaves</i> 2-4 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves light or bright green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 50-70 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 20-30 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 10-25 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate or ovate, asymmetric, broadest above middle, not falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat; median leaflets 15-18 cm long, 28-32 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, fusiform-cylindrical, 15-17 cm long, 2-2.3 cm diam.; peduncle 4-5 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 5-7 mm long, 4-5 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> green or brown, ovoid-cylindrical, 5-6 cm long, 4-4.5 cm diam.; peduncle 4-6 cm long; megasporophyll 12-13 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 17-21 mm wide, with two horns 2 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 18-19 mm long, 12-14 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia miqueliana <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 100 cm long, stem 20 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 5-9 in crown. New growth emerging light green or bluish. Leaves light or bright green, semiglossy, 80-180 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 10-18 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 30-50 cm long, unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate or ovate, asymmetric, broadest above middle, not falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins recurved; median leaflets 22-29 cm long, 40-65 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical or fusiform-cylindrical, 12-15 cm long, 3-4 cm diam. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green, ovoid-cylindrical, 8-10 cm long, 5-6 cm diam. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid. Description:

Ceratozamia mixeorum <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 34-125 cm long, stem 14-18 cm diam; persistent leaf bases light, appressed. <p><i>Leaves</i> 15-33 in crown. New growth emerging mid-green. Leaves dark green, 146-198 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 49-77 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 45-85 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, not falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins incurved; median leaflets 24-39 cm long, 21-29 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical, 22-24 cm long, 7-7.5 cm diam.; peduncle 13.5-15 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 7-8 mm long, 14-15 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green, ovoid-cylindrical, 23-31 cm long, 12-15 cm diam.; peduncle 12.5-23 cm long; megasporophyll 24-28 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 42-50 mm wide, with two horns 5 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25-32 mm long, 18-20 mm wide. Description:

Ceratozamia morettii <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 30 cm long, stem 8 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 4-7 in crown. New growth emerging mid-green. Leaves light or bright green, dull, 100-140 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 24-50 leaflets; vernation circinnate; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 45-60 cm long, unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, asymmetric, broadest above middle, falcate, weakly discolorous, thin or membranous; margins flat, or incurved; median leaflets 25-35 cm long, 27-48 mm wide. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> 26 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, fusiform-cylindrical, 10-15 cm long, 2.5-4 cm diam.; peduncle 5-7 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 10-12 mm long, 8-9 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green, narrowly ovoid-cilindrical, 12-16 cm long, 4.5-5 cm diam.; peduncle 5-7 cm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 15-18 mm long, 12 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia norstogii <p><i>Plants</i> arborescent, or acaulescent; stem 12-130 cm long, stem 13-22 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 5-15 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves dark green, semiglossy, 69-135 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 66-130 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis distinctly spirally twisted; petiole 9-39 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, falcate, strongly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins incurved; median leaflets 22-57 cm long, 3-5 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical, 25-36 cm long, 3.8-5.1 cm diam.; peduncle 4.5 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 10-14 mm long, 8-11 mm wide, with two horns 1-2 mm long. <p><i>Seed cones</i> brown, ovoid-cylindrical, 21-37 cm long, 9-13 cm diam.; peduncle 6-10 cm long; megasporophyll 41-55 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 38-52 mm wide, with two horns 2-6 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 24-29 mm long, 15-21 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia robusta <p><i>Plants</i> arborescent; stem 200 cm long, stem 30 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 8-30 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown, or mid-green. Leaves dark green, semiglossy, 150-300 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 100-200 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 20-60 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, symmetric, broadest below middle, falcate, concolorous, thick or leathery; margins recurved; median leaflets 20-30 cm long, 20-50 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> brown, ovoid-cylindrical or narrowly ovoid-cylindrical, 30-50 cm long, 10-14 cm diam.; peduncle 10 cm long. <p><i>Seed cones</i> grey, ovoid-cylindrical, 30-50 cm long, 10-14 cm diam.; peduncle 15 cm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25 mm long, 20 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia sabatoi <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 25 cm long, stem 17.5 cm diam; persistent leaf bases dark, spreading. <p><i>Leaves</i> 2-6 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves dark green, 80 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 60-136 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 25-45 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, not falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins incurved; median leaflets 12-25 cm long, 12-24 mm wide. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> 45 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> brown, fusiform-cylindrical, 6.5-23 cm long, 1.9-3 cm diam.; peduncle 1.5-11 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 9-14 mm long, 4-7 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> green, ovoid-cylindrical, 6-12 cm long, 3.4-5.6 cm diam.; peduncle 2-10 cm long; megasporophyll 17-26 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 11-28 mm wide. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 13-19 mm long, 11-14 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia mirandai <p><i>Plants</i> arborescent, or acaulescent; stem 32-105 cm long, stem 19-28 cm diam; persistent leaf bases dark, spreading. <p><i>Leaves</i> 6-23 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves dark green, highly glossy, 115-118 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 98-164 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 22-59 cm long, armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, not falcate, weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins incurved; median leaflets 26-45 cm long, 8-12 mm wide. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> 30-80 mm long, brown. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical or fusiform-cylindrical (to conical), 26-57 cm long, 4.2-7.7 cm diam.; peduncle 3-11.5 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 13-20 mm long, 5-10 mm wide, with two horns 1-3 mm long. <p><i>Seed cones</i> brown, ovoid-cylindrical, 26-48 cm long, 8.2-12.7 cm diam.; peduncle 5.5-14 cm long; megasporophyll 53-58 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 19-25 mm wide, with two horns 1-3 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 23-27 mm long, 17-19 mm wide. Description:

Ceratozamia whitelockiana <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 20-30 cm long, stem 12-18 cm diam; persistent leaf bases dark, spreading. <p><i>Leaves</i> 8-12 in crown. New growth emerging light green or bluish. Leaves light or bright green, semiglossy, 200-250 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 60-80 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 100-125 cm long, unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, falcate, weakly discolorous, thin or membranous; margins flat; median leaflets 30-50 cm long, 30-38 mm wide. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> 50 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, fusiform-cylindrical, 26-28 cm long, 1.5-2.8 cm diam.; peduncle 2-3 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 8 mm long, 3 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> yellow-green, ovoid-cylindrical, 35 cm long, 12 cm diam.; peduncle 3-4 cm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 31-33 mm long, 25-27 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia zaragoae <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 20 cm long, stem 11 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 2-5 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves dark green, highly glossy, 100 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 16-43 leaflets; vernation straight; rachis distinctly spirally twisted; petiole 15-25 cm long, unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, linear, symmetric, broadest below middle, falcate, concolorous or weakly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins incurved; median leaflets 5-25 cm long, 3-10 mm wide. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> brown, fusiform-cylindrical, 10-20 cm long, 2-3 cm diam.; peduncle 9-14 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 13-14 mm long, 11-13 mm wide. <p><i>Seed cones</i> brown, ovoid-cylindrical, 8-12 cm long, 6-7 cm diam.; megasporophyll 22-37 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 20-25 mm wide. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 20 mm long, 20 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia cremnophila <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 20 cm long, stem 10 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> 2-5 in crown. New growth emerging bronze, red or chocolate brown. Leaves dark green, semiglossy, 50-120 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section; vernation straight; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, symmetric, broadest below middle, thick or leathery; margins flat. Description:

Ceratozamia pacifica <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> 3-10 in crown. New growth emerging mid-green. Leaves light or bright green or dark green, highly glossy or semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section; armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, symmetric or asymmetric, broadest below middle, thick or leathery; margins flat. Description:

Ceratozamia zoquensis <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent; stem 10-48 cm long, stem 13-48 cm diam; persistent leaf bases dark, spreading. <p><i>Leaves</i> 1-5 in crown. New growth emerging light green or bluish. Leaves dark green, semiglossy, 81-374 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 10-32 leaflets; vernation circinnate; rachis not or slightly spirally twisted; petiole 20-124 cm long, unarmed (or with few prickles). <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate (ob), asymmetric, broadest above middle, not falcate, strongly discolorous, thick or leathery; margins flat; median leaflets 23-39 cm long, 32-65 mm wide. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> 35-55 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> yellow-green, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical or fusiform-cylindrical, 11-29 cm long, 2.9-4.3 cm diam.; peduncle 4-10.5 cm long; microsporophyll lamina 12-14 mm long, 7-9 mm wide, with two horns 3-5 mm long. <p><i>Seed cones</i> green or yellow-green, ovoid-cylindrical, 22-26 cm long, 9.5-9.8 cm diam.; peduncle 6-7 cm long; megasporophyll 15-23 mm long, with an expanded peltate apex 24-28 mm wide, with two horns 4-6 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 21-22 mm long, 16-17 mm wide; sarcotesta white, aging to brown. Description:

Ceratozamia sp vera cruz <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> 4-12 in crown. New growth emerging mid-green. Leaves light or bright green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section; unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, asymmetric, broadest above middle, thick or leathery; margins incurved. Description:

Ceratozamia sp chiapas <p><i>Plants</i> acaulescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> 2-4 in crown. New growth emerging light green or bluish. Leaves blue green, dull, flat (not keeled) in section; unarmed. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate or ovate, asymmetric, broadest above middle, thin or membranous; margins flat. Description:

Ceratozamia sp palma sola <p><i>Leaves</i> 5-15 in crown, light or bright green or dark green, flat (not keeled) in section; armed with prickles. <p><i>Leaflets</i> not clustered, lanceolate, symmetric, broadest below middle, thick or leathery; margins flat. Description:

Chigua restrepoi <P><I>Stem</I> hypogeous, ellipsoid, to 10 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> pubescent, triangular, stipulate. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-3, glabrous, stipulate; petiole subterete, 60-80 cm long, armed with prickles; rachis semiterete, 60-100 cm long, armed with prickles below, smooth above. <P><I>Leaflets</I> alternate below, subopposite in middle, opposite above, 20-30 on each side, lanceolate, 3-5 cm wide, 15-25 cm long, papyraceous, sessile, cuneate at base, caudate at apex, margins with well defined teeth. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cylindrical, 5 cm long, 2 cm diam., covered with reddish-brown tomentum; peduncle glabrous, 10 cm long, 1 cm diam; microsporophylls peltate, sterile peltate tip flat. <P><I>Seed cones</I> cylindrical, 15 cm long, 5 cm diam., covered with reddish-brown tomentum; peduncle glabrous, 30 cm long, 1.5 cm diam,; megasporophylls peltate with a narrow basal stalk, hexagonal with a conspicuous bump at each angle of the hexagon. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, red at maturity. Description:

Chigua bernalii <P><I>Stem</I> hypogeous, ellipsoid, to 10 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-3, glabrous, stipulate; petiole subterete, 1-1.4 m long, armed with prickles; rachis semiterete, 60-160 cm long, armed with prickles below, smooth above. <P><I>Leaflets</I> alternate below, subopposite in middle, opposite above, 30-50 on each side, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm wide, 30-35 cm long, papyraceous, sessile, cuneate at base, caudate at apex, margins undulate with well defined teeth. <P><I>Cones</I> unknown. Description:

Cycas revoluta <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1-3(-7) m tall, 20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 50-150 cm long, strongly to moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 70-120&#176; on rachis), with 100-240 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 6-10 cm long, spinescent for 80-100% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines, 10-20 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 80-180 mm long, 3-6 mm wide, 2.5-5 mm apart on rachis; section slightly keeled; margins revolute; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, densely floccose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 30-60 cm long, 8-16 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina waxy, not dorsiventrally thickened, 23-28 mm long, 5.5-10 mm wide, apical spine absent, apex deflexed, 4.5-8 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 12-19 cm long, yellow-tomentose; ovules 2-6, pubescent; lamina orbicular, 50-120 mm long, 40-55 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 13-27 soft lateral spines 20-28 mm long, apical spine distinct or not distinct from lateral spines, 30-50 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25 mm long, 20 mm wide; sarcotesta red, slightly pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth, or longitudinally grooved. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas taitungensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-6) m tall, 25-30 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 100-180 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-170&#176; on rachis), with 150-170 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 15-20 cm long (15-20% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 50-90% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines, 30 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-170 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2.5-4.5 mm, narrowed to 2-2.5 mm at base (to 30-45% of maximum width), 4.5-6 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, densely floccose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 35-50 cm long, 8.5-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina waxy, not dorsiventrally thickened, 35-40 mm long, 11.5-15 mm wide, fertile zone 25-30 mm long, sterile apex 4.5-10 mm long, apical spine absent, apex deflexed, 6 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 21-26 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, pubescent; lamina orbicular, 100-130 mm long, 80-100 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 28-36 soft lateral spines 35-45 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> oblong, 40-45 mm long, 25-30 mm wide; sarcotesta red, slightly pruinose, 1.5-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta longitudinally grooved. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas panzhihuaensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1-2(-3) m tall, 15-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 30-80 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green, semiglossy, 70-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 140-250 leaflets, with orange tomentum persistent below; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 7-25 cm long (15-25% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 50-70% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 50-70 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-230 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, inserted at 50-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-6 mm, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 35-45% of maximum width), 6-10 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat to slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, densely floccose, 60-90 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 25-50 cm long, 8-14 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina waxy, not dorsiventrally thickened, 40-60 mm long, 18-32 mm wide, fertile zone 30-40 mm long, sterile apex 8-11 mm long, deflexed, apical spine rudimentary, deflexed, 1-4 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 11-21 cm long, yellow-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 1-5, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-150 mm long, 35-70 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 23-40 soft lateral spines 10-40 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 25-35 mm long, 22-30 mm wide; sarcotesta red to orange, not pruinose, 1.5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas wadei <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall, 10-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy (75-)130-132 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 160-180 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole (20-)28-40 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines (80-)170-180 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous (150-)200-290 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, inserted at 100-150simple, strongly discolorous, 220 340 mm long, 9 12 mm wide, inserted at 50 75° to rachis, decurrent for 3 5 mm, narrowed to 2.5 3 mm at base (to 20 25% of maximum width), 10 17 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins flat, or slightly recurved, not undulate; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below, narrow. to rachis, 5-6 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins flat; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, 40-70 cm long, 7-9(-10) cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina waxy, not dorsiventrally thickened, 21-26(-30) mm long, 15-18 mm wide, fertile zone 25 mm long, sterile apex 6 mm long, deflexed, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 14-19(-22) cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-80(-100) mm long, 70-80 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 20-30 soft lateral spines 20-25(-35) mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 26-45 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose to ovoid, 17-19(-40) mm long, 15-17(-30) mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta longitudinally ribbed. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas curranii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy to semiglossy, tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole glabrous, spinescent. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 260-280 mm long, 11-13 mm wide; section flat; margins flat; not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform; microsporophyll lamina waxy, not dorsiventrally thickened, apex deflexed, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophyll</i> lamina orbicular, deeply pectinate, apical spine distinct from lateral spines; ovules glabrous. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose to ovoid; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta longitudinally ribbed. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas saxatilis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 0.5 4 m tall; growing on bare vertical cliffs. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 160 190 cm long, slightly keeled or flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at c. 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 170 380 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets; petiole 40 60 cm long (25 35% of total leaf), glabrous, spinescent for 50 90% of length; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 150 230 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 220 340 mm long, 9 12 mm wide, inserted at 50 75&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3 5 mm, narrowed to 2.5 3 mm at base (to 20 25% of maximum width), 10 17 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins flat, or slightly recurved, not undulate; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below, narrow. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, cream or green, c. 49 cm long, c. 5 cm diam; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened; level; apical spine rudimentary, upturned. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> and seeds not seen. Description:

Cycas aenigma <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 0.5 4 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 200 290 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 300 380 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets; petiole 40 60 cm long (15 20% of total leaf), glabrous, spinescent for 90 100% of length; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 220 230 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 300 340 mm long, 10 13 mm wide, inserted at 60 75#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3 5 mm, narrowed to 2.5 3 mm at base (to 20 30% of maximum width), 10 12 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins flat or slightly recurved, not undulate; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below, narrow. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 70 100 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, green or cream, c. 34 cm long, c. 16 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, c. 80 mm long, c. 25 mm wide; fertile zone c. 29 mm long, level; apical spine prominent, gradually raised (spreading), c. 47 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 36 40 cm long, brown-tomentose, tomentum shedding; ovules 4 6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 220 240 mm long, 35 40 mm wide, deeply pectinate or shallowly pectinate, with 24 34 pungent lateral spines 16 25 mm long, 3 4 mm wide; apical spine distinct from lateral spines,110 140 mm long, 6 7 mm wide at base. Seeds not observed. Description:

Cycas vespertilio <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1 3 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, glossy, 128 210 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 93 117 leaflets tomentum shedding as leaf expands; petiole 46 52 cm long, shedding brown tomentum, spinescent for 90 100% of length; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 180 200 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, not discolorous, keeled in transect, 270 290 mm long, 10 13 mm wide, narrowed to 2 3 mm at base, 10 14 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins edged, or slightly recurved, undulate; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below, narrow. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> broadly triangular, stiff, pilose, 55 60 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> not seen. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 17 19 cm long, cream-tomentose, tomentum not shedding; ovules 6 7, glabrous; lamina rhomboid, winged, 160 180 mm long, 32 35 mm wide, lateral spines 2, broad, flattened & wing-like; apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 35 38 mm long, 3 5 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> obovoid, c.36 mm long, 27 mm wide; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth; spongy endotesta present, thin. Description:

Cycas nitida <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 150 180 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing pinnae inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 160 200 leaflets tomentum shedding as leaf expands; petiole 30 60 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 50% of length; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 270 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 270 370 mm long, 14 18 mm wide, 12 17 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> Cataphylls narrowly triangular, soft, pilose. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange, 16 cm long, 4.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 37 44 mm long, 12 23 mm wide; apical spine prominent, sharply upturned. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 24 34 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2 4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 43 60 mm long, 20 30 mm wide, distinctly dentate; with 8 16 lateral spines, pungent, 3 5 mm long; apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 14 20 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 55 66 mm long, 45 50 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth; spongy endotesta present. Description:

Cycas lacrimans <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1 2 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> glossy green, 168 200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 76 85 leaflets; petiole 45 50 cm long, lacking tomentum, spinescent for 90 100% of length with needle-like stout 6 mm long spines; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 170 190 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, discolorous underneath, 280 320 mm long, 7 13 mm wide, narrowed to 2 3 mm at base, 12 14 mm apart on rachis; section recurved; margins folded, not undulate; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib sunken above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> broadly triangular, stiff, pilose, 55 60 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, light brown, c. 42 cm long, c.16 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, c. 34 mm long, 19 mm wide, fertile zone 34 38 mm long, sterile apex 1 2 mm long, level; apical spine very slender, 12 17 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> c. 37 cm long, cream-tomentose, tomentum not shedding; ovules 4 6, glabrous; lamina triangular, c. 55 mm long, c. 20 mm wide, lateral spines shallowly pectinate; with 15 24 pungent lateral spines 3 8 mm long, 1 2 mm wide; apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 35 38 mm long, 3 5 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> oblong, c. 40 mm long, c. 20 mm wide; sclerotesta smooth; spongy endotesta absent. Description:

Cycas montana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1.5 m. tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, glossy, 223 248 cm long, 144 151 leaflets, with persistent brown tomentum; petiole 63 72 cm long (25 30% of total leaf), spinescent for c. 20% of length; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, to 230 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 230 248 mm long, 8 10 mm wide, decurrent for 7 mm, narrowed to 3 4 mm at base (30 40% of maximum width), 10 15 mm apart on rachis; section slightly keeled; margins distinctly recurved; apex acute or aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below, narrow. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> not seen. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20 35 cm long, tomentum orange, persistent; ovules 2 6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 45 100 mm long, 20 40 mm wide, shallowly pectinate, with 14 40 pungent lateral spines 9 13 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25 40 mm long, 5 8 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 50 55 mm long, 30 45 mm wide; sarcotesta amber-brown, not pruinose; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth, spongy endotesta absent. Description:

Cycas sundaica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or deep green, 120 275 cm long, flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 75 114 leaflets, with orange to greyish tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine to 13 mm long; petiole 30 67 cm long (20 40% of total leaf), spinescent for 10 100% of length; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 230 340 mm long, 9 15 mm wide, narrowed to 3 5 mm at base (25 50% of maximum width), 13 23 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. Cataphylls linear, pungent, to 10 cm long. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, to 10 cm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, c. 16 30 cm long, 9 15 cm wide; microsporophylls firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30 55 mm long, 15 29 mm wide, fertile zone 22 45 mm long, sterile apex 6 10 mm long, apical spine abruptly raised, 12 20 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 30 42 cm long, tomentum persistent; ovules 2 8, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 30 80 mm long, 20 43 mm wide, shallowly pectinate or regularly dentate, with 4 30 pungent lateral spines 1 12 mm long, 1 1.5 mm wide; apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 30 50 cm long, 3 7 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 45 55 mm long, 35 45 cm wide, sarcotesta orange, c. 8 mm thick, fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth; spongy endotesta present. Description:

Cycas guizhouensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent to acaulescent, to 1 m tall, 10-15 cm diam. at narrowest point; 5-20 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 100-180 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-170&#176; on rachis), with 110-210 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 30-60 cm long (25-40% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 40-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 110-200 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 160-370 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, inserted at 55-65&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3 mm at base (to 30-40% of maximum width), 10-16 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins flat, or slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below or raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-80 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange to brown (very pale), 20-40 cm long, 6-14 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-40 mm long, 17-20 mm wide, fertile zone 27-36 mm long, sterile apex 3-5 mm long, level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 10-20 cm long, yellow-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 4-8, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 60-70 mm long, 60-80 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 17-33 soft lateral spines 20-45 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25-45 mm long, 9-17 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 23-29 mm long, 22-28 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 1.5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth, or verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas segmentifida <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent to acaulescent, to 0.5 m tall, 10-23 cm diam. at narrowest point; 8-25 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 120-280 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 80-190 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 40-140 cm long (30-50% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 70-290 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-420 mm long, 9-20 mm wide, inserted at 50-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-7 mm, narrowed to 3-7 mm at base (to 30-50% of maximum width), 11-24 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 70-100 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 30-60 cm long, 5-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-30 mm long, 15-18 mm wide, fertile zone 17-27 mm long, sterile apex 3 mm long, level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-25 cm long, yellow-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 4-8, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 80-130 mm long, 50-120 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 16-44 soft lateral spines 20-70 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25-125 mm long, 8-20 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 28-35 mm long, 24-30 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 1.5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas aculeata <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 15-18 cm diam. at narrowest point; 6-23 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 180-250 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-170&#176; on rachis), with 100-150 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 60-110 cm long (35-50% of total leaf), petiole glabrous or pubescent, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 260-380 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 350-520 mm long, 13-19 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-6 mm, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 10-20% of maximum width), 15-28 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins flat; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below or raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 80-100 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid or fusiform, 15-20 cm long, 4-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 22-25 mm long, 12-14 mm wide, fertile zone 20-22 mm long, sterile apex 2-3 mm long, level, apical spine absent. Description:

Cycas balansae <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 12-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 4-9 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy to semiglossy, 120-260 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 90-160 leaflets, with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands or persistent above and below; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 40-160 cm long (30-40% of total leaf), petiole pubescent, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 90-210 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 220-300 mm long, 10-15 mm wide, inserted at 75-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-8 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 25-35% of maximum width), 11-21 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat, or slightly recurved; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 60-70 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 20-25 cm long, 4-7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 16-30 mm long, 11-14 mm wide, fertile zone 14-28 mm long, sterile apex 2-4 mm long, level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 8-12 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina ovate, 40-60 mm long, 30-55 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 14-24 soft lateral spines 25-40 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25-27 mm long, 20 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas dolichophylla <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1.5 m tall, 18-30 cm diam. at narrowest point; 8-40 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green to deep green, highly glossy, 200-450 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 150-270 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 40-110 cm long (20-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 90-240 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 190-420 mm long, 14-25 mm wide, inserted at 60-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-8 mm, narrowed to 3-6 mm at base (distinctively rounded at base) (to 20-35% of maximum width), 16-30 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 80-120 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid or fusiform, yellow, 35-50 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-36 mm long, 9-13 mm wide, fertile zone 27-34 mm long, sterile apex 2-4 mm long, level, apical spine rudimentary or absent, sharply upturned, 0-3 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-26 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 60-120 mm long, 50-100 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 16-26 soft lateral spines 40-50 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid or flattened-ovoid or oblong, 40-64 mm long, 33-36 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas tanqingii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 2 m tall, 25-30 cm diam. at narrowest point; 4-7 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 190-360 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 170-180&#176; on rachis), with 100-120 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 70-160 cm long (30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 300-450 mm long, 15-22 mm wide, inserted at 65-85&#176; to rachis, 15-27 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose to densely floccose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow to orange, 40 cm long, 5-8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-30 mm long, 10-13 mm wide, fertile zone 22-28 mm long, sterile apex 2-3 mm long, level to raised, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 1.5-2 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 10-12 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 50-55 mm long, 50-65 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 6-9 soft lateral spines 15-40 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct or not distinct from lateral spines, 20-45 mm long, 7-30 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose to ovoid, 35-40 mm long, 30-35 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas brachycantha <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent to acaulescent, to 1 m tall, 9-12 cm diam. at narrowest point; 5-10 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 140-250 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 100-210 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 50-90 cm long (35-45% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 150-200 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 200-250 mm long, 10-14 mm wide, inserted at 70-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 6-8 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 20-30% of maximum width), 10-21 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, pungent, pilose, 50-80 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 12-14 cm long, 3-4 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 12-15 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, fertile zone 10-12 mm long, sterile apex 2-3 mm long, level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 8-12 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina ovate, 25-40 mm long, 15-25 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 14-22 soft lateral spines 15-25 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25-27 mm long, 20 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 1-2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas hoabinhensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 0.6 m tall, 5-8 cm diam. at narrowest point; 2-10 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 50-130 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 170-180&#176; on rachis), with 40-100 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 25-60 cm long (40-60% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 150-250 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 200-280 mm long, 11-21 mm wide, inserted at 60-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-4 mm, narrowed to 2.5-5 mm at base (to 15-30% of maximum width), 15-20 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat or undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-70 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid or fusiform, yellow, 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 22 mm long, 10 mm wide, fertile zone 20 mm long, sterile apex 2 mm long, raised, apical spine prominent or rudimentary, sharply upturned, 4-10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 7 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 30 mm long, 20 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 10 soft lateral spines 20 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas chevalieri <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 1.2 m tall, 8-18 cm diam. at narrowest point; 4-15 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 130-240 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 80-110 leaflets, with orange or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 70-140 cm long (45-60% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 0-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 170-240 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 250-420 mm long, 14-20 mm wide, inserted at 50-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-6 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 15-30% of maximum width), 15-21 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat or undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-70 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, brown or cream, 15-25 cm long, 4-7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 14-17 mm long, 7-10 mm wide, raised, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 9-13 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 35-55 mm long, 25-50 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 15-25 soft lateral spines 20-35 mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines to not distinct from lateral spines, 25-40 mm long, 3-8 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 18-27 mm long, 15-25 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 1-2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas yunnanensis <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 12-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 2-10 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 210-350 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 170-180&#176; on rachis), with 90-190 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 85-145 cm long (35-50% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 85-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 120-230 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 250-400 mm long, 15-19 mm wide, inserted at 60-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-8 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 17-25% of maximum width), 16-27 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-80 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 25-60 cm long, 6-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-40 mm long, 14-19 mm wide, fertile zone 22-36 mm long, sterile apex 2-4 mm long, level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 8-14 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina ovate, 50-70 mm long, 30-70 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 12-22 soft lateral spines 15-35 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 12-30 mm long, 2-5 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25-27 mm long, 20-22 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas simplicipinna <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 8-14 cm diam. at narrowest point; 2-5 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green to deep green, highly glossy, 90-250 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 35-90 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 35-140 cm long (40-60% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 60-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 120-300 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 200-600 mm long, 14-20 mm wide, inserted at 50-65&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-10 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 15-30% of maximum width), 20-40 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat or undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 40-50 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, cream, 15-21 cm long, 2.2-4 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 12-14 mm long, 7.5-10 mm wide, fertile zone 8-10 mm long, sterile apex 3-6 mm long, raised, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 7-12 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2, glabrous; lamina ovate, 45-55 mm long, 18-35 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 10-14 soft lateral spines 15-25 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25-27 mm long, 18-21 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas fugax <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 8-12 cm diam. at narrowest point; 1-3 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 280-400 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 70-110 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 150-220 cm long (50-60% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-95% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 300-400 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 420-500 mm long, 19-31 mm wide, inserted at 65-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-6 mm, narrowed to 2-2.5 mm at base (to 6-12% of maximum width), 30-40 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat or undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, 50-60 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 10-12 cm long, 2.5-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, apex level, apical spine prominent or rudimentary, sharply upturned, 2-5 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20-24 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina ovate, 110-130 mm long, 35-40 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 10-12 soft lateral spines 80-100 mm long, 3 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 18-22 mm long, 15-20 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas collina <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 10-14 cm diam. at narrowest point; 2-5 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 180-330 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-170&#176; on rachis), with 110-180 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 70-190 cm long (40-55% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 200-260 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 280-410 mm long, 17-23 mm wide, inserted at 80-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 10-25% of maximum width), 17-25 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat, or slightly keeled; margins flat or undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-80 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid or fusiform, yellow, 25-35 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, apex level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 8-14 cm long, yellow-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina ovate, 60 mm long, 30 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 12 soft lateral spines 30 mm long, 2 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas micholitzii <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 10-15 cm diam. at narrowest point; 2-6 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy or dull, 110-240 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-120&#176; on rachis), with 18-56 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 50-105 cm long (40-55% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 70-95% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 230-330 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> dichotomously branched, strongly discolorous, 230-360 mm long, 11-19 mm wide, inserted at 60&#176; to rachis, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 10-20% of maximum width), 35-60 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 60-80 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid or fusiform, yellow, 15-25 cm long, 3-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 13-18 mm long, 7-11 mm wide, apical spine prominent or rudimentary, sharply upturned, 1-6 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> deeply pectinate. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas multifrondis <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 10-30 cm diam. at narrowest point; 2-5 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 200-500 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-180&#176; on rachis), with 40-80 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 110-160 cm long (35-50% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> dichotomously branched (three times), strongly discolorous, 300-600 mm long, 18-25 mm wide, inserted at 45-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 10-15 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 14-20% of maximum width), 60-95 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 55-90 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow or cream, 35-55 cm long, 6-8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 17-28 mm long, 13-16 mm wide, fertile zone 14-25 mm long, sterile apex 2-3 mm long, level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 7-11 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina ovate, 35-100 mm long, 25-50 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 12-15 soft lateral spines 18-50 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct or not distinct from lateral spines, 15-70 mm long, 3-8 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 25 mm long, 20 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas multipinnata <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 14-25 cm diam. at narrowest point; 1-2 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 200-400 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-150&#176; on rachis), with 14-36 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 100-250 cm long (50-65% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 500-720 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> dichotomously branched, strongly discolorous, 400-600 mm long, 15-22 mm wide, inserted at 45-70&#176; to rachis, 160-200 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins flat; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 40-60 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, cream, 25-40 cm long, 6-8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, apex level or raised, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 11-13 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina ovate, 60-70 mm long, 50-60 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 20-22 soft lateral spines 30-40 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct or not distinct from lateral spines, 30-40 mm long, 3-4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 25 mm long, 21 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas debaoensis <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 15-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 4-10 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 250-300 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 80&#176; on rachis), with 30-50 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 80-150 cm long (30-50% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 130-170 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> dichotomously branched, strongly discolorous, 500-560 mm long, 7-11 mm wide, inserted at 75-80&#176; to rachis, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base, 40 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 70-90 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 12-14 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular or ovate, 80-90 mm long, 80-90 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 26-28 soft lateral spines 40-50 mm long, 2 mm wide, apical spine distinct or not distinct from lateral spines, 30-40 mm long, 3-4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 25-27 mm long, 20-22 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas diannanensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 3 m tall, 25-35 cm diam. at narrowest point; 12-50 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or deep green, highly glossy, 140-330 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 160-300 leaflets, with white or orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine or paired leaflets; 1-11 mm long. Petiole 45-100 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 30-240 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 130-320 mm long, 9-16 mm wide, inserted at 50-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-7 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 20-30% of maximum width), 10-20 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 120-200 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, yellow, 50-65 cm long, 9-13 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 35-60 mm long, 15-25 mm wide, fertile zone 30-50 mm long, sterile apex 4-10 mm long, raised, apical spine rudimentary, sharply upturned, 0-2 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-24 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 4-8, glabrous; lamina orbicular or ovate, 65-140 mm long, 55-140 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 30-52 soft lateral spines 10-50 mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-45 mm long, 7-15 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 28-40 mm long, 20-32 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas taiwaniana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 3.5 m tall, 15-30 cm diam. at narrowest point; 12-30 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 150-300 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 140-300 leaflets, with orange or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 40-150 cm long (30-60% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 180-440 mm long, 9-16 mm wide, inserted at 45-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-6 mm, narrowed to 3-5 mm at base (to 25-30% of maximum width), 10-24 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, pungent, pilose to densely floccose, 85-130 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, yellow, 30-45 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-30 mm long, 5-15 mm wide, apex level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-22 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-120 mm long, 55-70 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 24-52 soft lateral spines 20-42 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct or not distinct from lateral spines, 20-45 mm long, 7-30 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose to ovoid, 28-36 mm long, 20-30 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas szechuanensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 0-2 m tall, 15-25 cm diam. at narrowest point; 6-20 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 120-380 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 90-220 leaflets, with dark brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 50-130 cm long (30-40% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 95-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 90-260 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 230-440 mm long, 14-21 mm wide, inserted at 80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-7 mm, narrowed to 3.5-4 mm at base (to 20-25% of maximum width), 10-24 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below to raised below (slightly). <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-60 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-24 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-8, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-100 mm long, 70-110 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 28-34 soft lateral spines 30-50 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, apical spine not distinct from lateral spines. Description:

Cycas hainanensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 0.3-1.5(-3.5) m tall, 30 cm diam. at narrowest point; 50-80 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 70-230 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-160&#176; on rachis), with 100-280 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 20-70 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 140 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 150-300 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, inserted at 40-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-7 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3 mm at base (to 30-45% of maximum width), 8-15 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below (less prominently). <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-90 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, green or cream, 35-47 cm long, 10-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-48 mm long, 20-30 mm wide, apex level, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-17 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-110 mm long, 40-60 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 15-32 soft lateral spines 25-32 mm long, 2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 20-30 mm long, 10-25 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose to ovoid, 35-40 mm long, 30-35 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas shanyaensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2.1 3.1 m tall, 20 25 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> 140 160 cm long, with 130 144 leaflets. Petiole 33 cm long (21 23% of total leaf), glabrous, spinescent for 76 82% of length, spines 2 3 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, 115 240 mm long, 7 9 mm wide, slightly decurrent margins flat or slightly revolute. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> dark velvety brown conical-cylindric, c. 22 cm long, 3 8 cm wide; microsporophyll lamina, 15 22 mm long, 10 15 mm wide, apical spine mucronate. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 11.5 15 cm long, yellow-brown tomentose; ovules 4, glabrous; lamina obovate or flabelliform, 75 mm long, 75 90 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 15 17 soft lateral spines 15 25 mm long, apical spine, 25 35 mm long to 4 mm wide, with 4 6 lateral spines 5 7 mm long. <p>Description based entirely on Fu (2006). No specimens have been sighted by Hill. Description:

Cycas changjiangensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 0.3-1.5(-2.5) m tall, 20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 30-60 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 70-230 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-160&#176; on rachis), with 80-220 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 20-70 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 70-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 70-140 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 150-300 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, inserted at 40-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-7 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3 mm at base (to 30-45% of maximum width), 8-15 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below (less prominently). <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-90 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine absent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-17 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-110 mm long, 40-60 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 15-32 soft lateral spines 25-32 mm long, 2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 20-30 mm long, 10-25 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose to ovoid, 35-40 mm long, 30-35 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas ferruginea <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 1.2 m tall, 12-18 cm diam. at narrowest point; 10-25 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 130-210 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 120-200 leaflets, with white, orange or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands or persistent below; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 35-80 cm long (25-40% of total leaf), petiole glabrous or pubescent, spinescent for 30-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 80-190 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple (often falcate), strongly discolorous, 190-380 mm long, 8-13 mm wide, inserted at 70-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-8 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 25-40% of maximum width), 10-19 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, pungent, pilose, 90-120 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange, 25-45 cm long, 4-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 16-20 mm long, 9-13 mm wide, fertile zone 15-18 mm long, sterile apex 3-5 mm long, raised, apical spine rudimentary or absent, sharply upturned, 0-3 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 11-19 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-110 mm long, 50-80 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 28-42 soft lateral spines 18-40 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-50 mm long, 3-8 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 19-24 mm long, 15-21 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 1-2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas tropophylla <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 0-1 m tall, 8-15 cm diam. at narrowest point; 10-30 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green, semiglossy, 70-120 cm long, strongly keeled or moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-120&#176; on rachis), with 100-170 leaflets, with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 10-35 cm long (15-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 5-80% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 50-80 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-180 mm long, 7-12 mm wide, inserted at 40-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-6 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3.5 mm at base (to 20-35% of maximum width), 10-16 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat, or slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 30-50 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, orange, 15-30 cm long, 5-8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-30 mm long, 11-15 mm wide, fertile zone 10-28 mm long, sterile apex 2-4 mm long, raised, apical spine rudimentary or absent, sharply upturned, 0-3 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 8-12 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 90-120 mm long, 60-65 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 24-34 soft lateral spines 25-35 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 40-45 mm long, 4-6 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 20-28 mm long, 18-25 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 1-2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth to verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas sexseminifera <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent or acaulescent, to 0-0.6 m tall, 6-15 cm diam. at narrowest point; 5-30 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green, semiglossy, 50-110 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 60-130 leaflets, with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 12-40 cm long (20-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 5-80% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 40-110 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 70-260 mm long, 6-13 mm wide, inserted at 60-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-5 mm, narrowed to 2-6 mm at base (to 30-60% of maximum width), 6-17 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins flat, or slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, pungent or soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum or pilose, 40-90 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, orange, 12-26 cm long, 5-7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina soft, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-30 mm long, 10-20 mm wide, fertile zone 18-27 mm long, sterile apex 2-4 mm long, raised, apical spine rudimentary or absent, sharply upturned, 0-3 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 9-12 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 60-90 mm long, 35-45 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 28-40 soft lateral spines 30-40 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 30-40 mm long, 5-12 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 18-25 mm long, 18-22 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 1-2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth to verrucose. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas pectinata <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1-12 m tall, 14-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 30-40 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green, semiglossy, 150-240 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 170-180&#176; on rachis), with 180-312 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by a spine 1-46 mm long. Petiole 30-80 cm long (25-50% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 30-80% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 50-160 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 200-315 mm long, 7.5-10.5 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-8 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 35-45% of maximum width), 8-13 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent to not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, yellow or green, 30-55 cm long, 16-22 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 43-60 mm long, 19-24 mm wide, fertile zone 35-57 mm long, sterile apex 3-8 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 17-32 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 22-30 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 110-180 mm long, 100-130 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 40-50 soft lateral spines 26-75 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 35-75 mm long, 5-12 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 42-45 mm long, 33-45 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 4-7 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas chamaoensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 10 m tall, 14-28 cm diam. at narrowest point; 50-120 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green, semiglossy, 125-255 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 170-310 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine 7-33 mm long. Petiole 30-60 cm long (20-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 0-30% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 60-140 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 160-300 mm long, 7-11 mm wide, inserted at 60-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-9 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3.5 mm at base (to 25-35% of maximum width), 9-14 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, orange, 50-60 cm long, 12-13 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 41-55 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, fertile zone 33-46 mm long, sterile apex 6-9 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 4-12 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 13-18 cm long, yellow-tomentose to grey-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 60-90 mm long, 60-90 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 30-40 soft lateral spines 20-30 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 27-35 mm long, 3-6 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 35-40 mm long, 30-40 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 3 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas elongata <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2-5 m tall, 10-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 30-60 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or grey-green, semiglossy, 90-140 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-150&#176; on rachis), with 130-240 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by a spine or paired leaflets. Petiole 20-40 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 60-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 45-60 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 140-220 mm long, 8-11 mm wide, inserted at 50-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4.5 mm at base (to 30-40% of maximum width), 10-18 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 60-90 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange or brown, 25-35 cm long, 9-13 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20-27 cm long, grey-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular or ovate, 130-180 mm long, 50-70 mm wide, deeply or shallowly pectinate, with 36-38 soft lateral spines 20-25 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 30-55 mm long, 4-5 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 40 mm long, 30 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas elephantipes <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1-3 m tall, 15-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 40-70 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green, semiglossy, 100-160 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 75-300 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by a spine 6-22 mm long. Petiole 20-45 cm long (15-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 10-40% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 20-110 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 150-250 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, inserted at 45-50&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-4 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4.5 mm at base (to 30-50% of maximum width), 8-15 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid or narrowly ovoid, orange or brown, 30-55 cm long, 12-16 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 40-45 mm long, 18-22 mm wide, fertile zone 28-30 mm long, sterile apex 5-7 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned or gradually raised, 15-30 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular or ovate, 120 mm long, 80 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 18 soft lateral spines 45 mm long, 3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 55 mm long, 4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas pachypoda <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 0.5-1.5 m tall, 12-17 cm diam. at narrowest point; 50-80 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green, semiglossy, 90-130 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-170&#176; on rachis), with 160-250 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine 5-15 mm long. Petiole 10-20 cm long (10-20% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 80-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 15-45 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-180 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, inserted at 50-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3.5 mm at base (to 40-50% of maximum width), 6-12 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat, or slightly keeled; margins flat, or slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 80-110 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange or brown, 25-40 cm long, 10-15 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 40-52 mm long, 17-20 mm wide, fertile zone 30-40 mm long, sterile apex 7-12 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 9-15 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 7-15 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 90-120 mm long, 40-70 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 30-36 soft lateral spines 10-20 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-40 mm long, 4-5 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas nongnoochiae <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall, 10-15 cm diam. at narrowest point; 25-40 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green or blue, semiglossy, 80-160 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 120-200 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by a spine 4-21 mm long. Petiole 23-35 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 10-50% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines, 20-80 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-230 mm long, 7-8.5 mm wide, inserted at 65-75&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-7 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 40-50% of maximum width), 8-11 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat to slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, yellow or green, 15-28 cm long, 7-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 22-30 mm long, 14-19 mm wide, fertile zone 15-25 mm long, sterile apex 5-7 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 7-9 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-19 cm long, white-tomentose to yellow-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular to ovate, 85-100 mm long, 60-70 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 36-52 soft lateral spines 20-24 mm long, 2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-25 mm long, 4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 35 mm long, 28-35 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose to slightly pruinose, 2 mm thick; fibrous layer present (weakly developed); sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas petraea <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 6 m tall, 15-20 cm diam. at narrowest point; 50-100 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 140-230 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 140-230 leaflets, with white or orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 25-40 cm long (15-20% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 0-50% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 100-120 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 230-290 mm long, 10-13 mm wide, inserted at 50-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-6 mm, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 15-30% of maximum width), 13-17 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid or narrowly ovoid, orange or brown, 30-40 cm long, 14-18 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 40-50 mm long, 14-18 mm wide, fertile zone 32-40 mm long, sterile apex 5-7 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned or gradually raised, 12-20 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 18-22 cm long, grey-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular or ovate, 100-170 mm long, 45-90 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 20-28 soft lateral spines 20-40 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 55-85 mm long, 6-9 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas clivicola <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 8 m tall, 12-16 cm diam. at narrowest point; 45-100 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or grey-green (when young), semiglossy, 70-165 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 90-220 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis frequently terminated by a spine 2-30 mm long. Petiole 15-55 cm long (12-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 0-80% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 50-200 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 90-260 mm long, 5-11 mm wide, inserted at 45-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-9 mm, narrowed to 1.5-4 mm at base (to 25-50% of maximum width), 7-16 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat to slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-80 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, yellow to brown or green, 25-50 cm long, 8-11 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 19-35 mm long, 10-19 mm wide, fertile zone 17-30 mm long, sterile apex 2-6 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned or gradually raised, 5-16 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 12-22 cm long, yellow-tomentose to grey-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 70-140 mm long, 45-95 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 24-54 soft lateral spines 25-40 mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 20-75 mm long, 3-8 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 35-39 mm long, 26-35 mm wide; sarcotesta orange to yellow, not pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas tansachana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2-5 m tall, 10-18 cm diam. at narrowest point; 24-60 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 100-180 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-140&#176; on rachis), with 130-200 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis frequently terminated by a spine 1-3 mm long. Petiole 30-45 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 0-30% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 80-160 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 170-300 mm long, 8-12.5 mm wide, inserted at 60-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 25-45% of maximum width), 10-17 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib flat above to raised above (slightly), raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 50-60 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, yellow, 25-45 cm long, 11-13 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 33-45 mm long, 12-15 mm wide, fertile zone 27-40 mm long, sterile apex 6-15 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 1-3 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20-22 cm long, yellow-tomentose to brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 100-140 mm long, 60-70 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 40-60 soft lateral spines 18-25 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 30-50 mm long, 5-7 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 45-50 mm long, 35-40 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 4 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas condaoensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 0.2-2.5 m tall, 14-17 cm diam. at narrowest point; 12-70 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 70-175 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 130-260 leaflets, with white or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 20-50 cm long (15-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 0-60% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 25-120 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 130-240 mm long, 7-11.5 mm wide, inserted at 60-75&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-6 mm, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 20-40% of maximum width), 5-17 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, pungent, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 50-60 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange or brown to green, 26-31 cm long, 9-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-50 mm long, 12-20 mm wide, fertile zone 23-36 mm long, sterile apex 7-11 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 4-5 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 9-19 cm long, yellow-tomentose or brown-tomentose (pale); ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 60-120 mm long, 35-75 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 20-32 soft lateral spines 8-18 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25-60 mm long, 4-10 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 39-43 mm long, 33-36 mm wide; sarcotesta orange to yellow, not pruinose, 4-6 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas siamensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent to acaulescent, to 1.5 m tall, 14-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green to deep green, semiglossy, 60-120 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 170-180&#176; on rachis), with 140-280 leaflets, with white, orange or brown tomentum persistent above and below; rachis frequently terminated by a spine 1-18 mm long. Petiole 11-31 cm long (15-30% of total leaf), petiole pubescent, spinescent for 10-90% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines, 10-50 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 80-145 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, inserted at 55-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-4 mm, narrowed to 3-5 mm at base (to 50-70% of maximum width), 5-10 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above to raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 60-70 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange to brown, 10-24 cm long, 5-7.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 19-30 mm long, 11-17 mm wide, fertile zone 13-22 mm long, sterile apex 5-8 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 7-14 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 6-11 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 60-110 mm long, 30-80 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 22-46 soft lateral spines 8-35 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 23-45 mm long, 4-8 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 30-37 mm long, 26-37 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose, 2-3 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas hongheensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1-3 m tall, 12-15 cm diam. at narrowest point; 12-25 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green, dull, 70-100 cm long, strongly to moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 80-120&#176; on rachis), with 120-140 leaflets, with white tomentum persistent above and below; rachis usually terminated by a spine 5 mm long. Petiole 26 cm long (30% of total leaf), petiole pubescent, spinescent for 100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 95 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 150-200 mm long, 7-8 mm wide, inserted at 50&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4 mm, narrowed to 4.5 mm at base (to 60% of maximum width), 10 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved to recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib flat above or raised above (slightly), raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, pungent, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 35-50 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Cones</i> not seen. Description:

Cycas lindstromii <p><i>Stems</i> acaulescent, 5-8 cm diam. at narrowest point; 6-25 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green (yellowish green beneath), highly glossy, 40-100 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-130&#176; on rachis), with 50-140 leaflets, with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 15-35 cm long (25-40% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 50-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 35-120 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 100-170 mm long, 7-11 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 20-35% of maximum width), 7-13 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, 20-50 mm long (3-7 mm wide at base), persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow, 12-20 cm long, 4-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 10-16 mm long, 8-15 mm wide, fertile zone 7-12 mm long, sterile apex 3-4 mm long, level, apical spine rudimentary, sharply upturned, 2-8 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 8-17 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina ovate, 50-100 mm long, 15-30 mm wide, deeply pectinate, with 8-26 soft lateral spines 8-15 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-30 mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 29-37 mm long, 20-33 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, not pruinose, 3.5-4 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas circinalis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 150-250 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 170 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 40-70 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 150-300 mm long, 7-12 mm wide, narrowed to 2.5 mm at base, 12 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 50 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange, 45 cm long, 10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 38-50 mm long, 12-19 mm wide, apical spine prominent, gradually raised, 25 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 30 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-10, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 74-100 mm long, 25-38 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 24 pungent lateral spines, apical spine distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 25-38 mm long; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas sphaerica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 150-270 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 45-60 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 200-300 mm long, 6-12 mm wide; section flat; margins flat; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange, 45 cm long, 10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 32-38 mm long, apical spine prominent, gradually raised, 17 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-25 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 3-5, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 38-55 mm long, regularly dentate, with pungent lateral spines 5-10 mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 17-25 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> subglobose, 25 mm long; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas nathorstii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 160-180 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 140-170 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 45-55 cm long (25-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 90-95% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 190-310 mm long, 9-14 mm wide, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 25-35% of maximum width), 17-20 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 50 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-40 mm long, 15-22 mm wide, apical spine prominent, gradually raised, 10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-30 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 6-10, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-65 mm long, 18-25 mm wide, obscurely dentate, with 26-40 pungent lateral spines 1-4 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-14 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas beddomei <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green, dull, 90 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 15 cm long, glabrous, spinescent. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 100-175 mm long, 3-4 mm wide; section slightly keeled; margins revolute; apex acute or aristate, spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange, 30 cm long, 7.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine prominent, gradually raised. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-20 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 75 mm long, 25 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 10-16 pungent lateral spines, apical spine distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 38 mm long, 34 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas indica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent,to 4 m tall, 10 23 cm diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 97 133 cm long, flat (not keeled) in cross-section, (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 50 71 leaflets, indumentum present on petiole and leaflets. Petiole 28 32 cm long (25 35% of total leaf length), spinescent for 30% 90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 72 110 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, discolorous, 120 240 mm long, 7 8 mm wide, narrowed to 3 4 mm at the base (35 50% of total width), spaced at 12 15 mm on rachis; margins flat; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, very finely tomentose, 50 80 mm long. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, yellow, c. 30 40 cm long, c. 15 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, c. 66 mm long, c. 28 mm wide, fertile zone c. 23 mm long, sterile apex merged with spine, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, c. 41 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 18 cm long, brown tomentose; ovules 6, glabrous; lamina 25 55 mm long, 19 22 mm wide with less than 10 short irregular lateral spines to 2 mm long; apical spine not distinct from lateral spines, 1 3 mm long, 1 3 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> globose, 32 35 mm long, 28 30 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow at maturity, fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth; spongy endotesta absent. Description:

Cycas annaikalensis <p><i>Stems</i> approximately 5 m tall, 19 61 diam. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 100 250 cm long, flat (not keeled) in cross-section, (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 200 240 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 50 90 cm long, spinescent for 100% of length,spines 0.9 3 mmlong. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 260 350 mm long, 8 12 mm wide, inserted at 50 55º to rachis; section flat; margins flat, not undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below, narrow. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> sub-conical, yellowish orange prior to dehiscence, 30 50 cm long, 15 21 cm diam., microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 63 83 mm long, 18 26 mm wide, fertile zone 20 32 mm long, sterile apex 38 47 mm long, gradually raised and merging into spine. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 9 25 cm long, persistently densely ferruginous-tomentose; ovules 2 10, glabrous; lamina triangular, 19 55 mm long, 13 40 mm wide, regularly dentate with 5 18 lateral spines 5 8 mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 3 25 mm long, 4 7 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> 2 10 globose, 38 49 x 35 43 mm, sarcotesta green when young, becoming yellow at maturity, fibrous layer absent, sclerotesta smooth, spongy endotesta absent. Description:

Cycas macrocarpa <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 12 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 220-320 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 160-220 leaflets, orange to brown, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 40-70 cm long (15-25% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 80-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 150-250 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 240-450 mm long, 12-18 mm wide, inserted at 60-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-12 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 15-30% of maximum width), 15-35 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat to slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 70-170 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 16-22 cm long, 9-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 24-50 mm long, 14-20 mm wide, fertile zone 18-44 mm long, sterile apex 5-6 mm long, level, apical spine prominent to rudimentary, sharply upturned, 9-28 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 10-33 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 50-100 mm long, 17-45 mm wide, shallowly pectinate, with 10-22 pungent lateral spines 5-18 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 17-60 mm long, 2-7 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> oblong, 45-65 mm long, 35-45 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose or slightly pruinose, 3-5 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas inermis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1.5-4 m tall, 8-14 cm diam. at narrowest point; 6-35 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 220-300 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 130-230 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 65-80 cm long (25-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 70-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 290-350 mm long, 14-18 mm wide, inserted at 60-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-7 mm, narrowed to 3-4.5 mm at base (to 20-30% of maximum width), 18-22 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat to slightly recurved; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 40-50 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, cream, 12 cm long, 8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 4, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 50-70 mm long, 30-70 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 18-26 pungent lateral spines 4-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 20-25 mm long, 3 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> oblong, 50-60 mm long, 38-50 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, slightly pruinose, 5 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas pranburiensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1(-3) m tall, 8-10 cm diam. at narrowest point; 10-25 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 65-120 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-140&#176; on rachis), with 65-105 leaflets, with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis frequently terminated by a spine 0-3 mm long. Petiole 8-30 cm long (10-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed (rarely with a few distal spines). Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 50-190 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 140-240 mm long, 8.5-13.5 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-6 mm, narrowed to 2-4 mm at base (to 15-25% of maximum width), 10-20 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 25-50 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, yellow or orange, 20-25 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, dorsiventrally thickened, 30-40 mm long, 12-18 mm wide, fertile zone 20-24 mm long, sterile apex 18-20 mm long, raised, apical spine prominent, gradually raised, 5-15 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 17-24 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 60-90 mm long, 12-27 mm wide, shallowly pectinate or regularly dentate, with 14-24 pungent lateral spines 2-3 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 24-40 mm long, 4-5 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 35-40 mm long, 29-32 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, not pruinose, 1-2 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas chamberlainii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 8 m tall, 5-10 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 115-160 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 130-190 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 25-45 cm long (25-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 70-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 170 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 200-300 mm long, 7.5-11 mm wide, inserted at 45&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 6 mm, narrowed to 2.5 mm at base (to 30% of maximum width), 11.5 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 13-20 cm long, 5.5-8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-30 mm long, 16-20 mm wide, fertile zone 18 mm long, sterile apex 5 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 10-11 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-32 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina orbicular, 35-50 mm long, 35-50 mm wide, shallowly pectinate, with 8-20 soft lateral spines 15-17 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 40 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 39-40 mm long, 29-31 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, 3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas riuminiana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 110-180 cm long, with 160-230 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine 5-10 mm long. Petiole 35-45 cm long (20-25% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 20-50% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 120-180 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 240-310 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, inserted at 15-25&#176; to rachis, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base, 10-15 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, 44-55 cm long, 8-11 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-37 mm long, 16-22 mm wide, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 4-23 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-19 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 65-85 mm long, 16-20 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 23 pungent lateral spines 1-5 mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 26-46 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 40-50 mm long, 26-30 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas zambalensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent to to 3m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> dark green, semiglossy, 110-190 cm long,keeled in section (opposing leaflets inserted at less than 180° on rachis), with 99 260 leaflets, with brownish tomentum not shedding as leaf expands; petiole 30 44 cm long ( 25 33% of total leaf), tomentose, spinescent for 60 80% of length; basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 130 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple,120 260 mm long, 5 8 mm wide, 5 10 mm apart on rachis; narrowed to 2.5 mm at base, margin straight; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, needle-like, 60 70 mm long, stiff, pilose. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> brownish orange, ovoid to long ovoid, tapering, to 36 cm long, to 18 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30 50 mm long,10 30 mm wide; apical spine prominent, sharply upturned or gradually raised, 5 25 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 22 35 cm long, densely brown-tomentose, tomentum persistent; ovules 4 6, glabrous; lamina ovate or lanceolate, 70 80 mm long, 40 50 mm wide,shallowly pectinate, with 20 34 pungent lateral spines 6 14 mm long, c. 1 mm wide;apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 30 35 mm long, 5 7 mm wide. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened ovoid, to 43 mm long, to 36 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth; spongy endotesta present, thin. Description:

Cycas javana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by a spine or paired leaflets; 6 mm long. Petiole 40-60 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 40-90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 240-370 mm long, 10-15 mm wide, narrowed to 2.5-6 mm at base (to 20-35% of maximum width); median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 24-36 cm long; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 60-95 mm long, 11-21 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 12-30 pungent lateral spines 1-2 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-30 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas apoa <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2.5 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 180-250 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by a spine or paired leaflets; 4 mm long. Petiole 35-60 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 80-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 140 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 220-300 mm long, 11-14 mm wide, decurrent for 7 mm, narrowed to 2.5 mm at base (to 20% of maximum width), 13 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned. <p><i>Megasporophyll</i> lamina lanceolate, 35 mm long, 16 mm wide, obscurely dentate, apical spine distinct from lateral spines; ovules glabrous. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 45-50 mm long, 40 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas scratchleyana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 4(-7) m tall, 12-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or deep green, highly glossy, 170-310 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 160-300 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine or paired leaflets. Petiole 25-70 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 80-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 220-310 mm long, 10-16 mm wide, inserted at 60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1 mm, narrowed to 2.5 mm at base (to 20% of maximum width), 16 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved and undulate; apex softly acuminate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 50-100 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid or fusiform, yellow to brown (pale), 20-25 cm long, 10-13 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 35 mm long, 20 mm wide, fertile zone 27 mm long, sterile apex 6 mm long, raised, apical spine prominent or rudimentary, sharply upturned, 2-6 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 28 cm long; ovules 2-8, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 45-80 mm long, 38-50 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 28-40 soft lateral spines 5-8 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25-30 mm long, 3 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 43-55 mm long, 32-40 mm wide; sarcotesta orange or orange-brown, not pruinose, 5-7 mm thick; fibrous layer present; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas falcata <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall, 12-30 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green (olive green), highly glossy, 180-300 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 150&#176; on rachis), with 100-200 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by a spine or paired leaflets; 3 mm long. Petiole 27-62 cm long (20-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 80-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 170-300 mm long, 7.5-13 mm wide, inserted at 60-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-7 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 45% of maximum width), 11-17 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled, or strongly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, flat below or raised below (slightly). <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 40-70 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 19-27 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate (narrowly triangular), 60-70 mm long, 22-32 mm wide, shallowly pectinate, with 16-28 pungent lateral spines 7-12 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-28 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 42-46 mm long, 25-30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth, or apically crested (weakly). Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas rumphii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-10) m tall, 11-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 150-250 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 150-200 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 35-60 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 80-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 190 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 220-320 mm long, 12-16 mm wide, inserted at 70-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-8 mm, narrowed to 4.5-7 mm at base (to 35-50% of maximum width), 15-19 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow to brown (pale); microsporophyll lamina firm, dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine rudimentary, sharply upturned, 2-5 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 18-32 cm long, white-tomentose or yellow-tomentose; ovules 6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 50-75 mm long, 25-35 mm wide, obscurely dentate, with 12 soft lateral spines 0-1 mm long, 0-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-25 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 45 mm long, 30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta apically crested. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas glauca <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p>Petiole 51 cm long, spinescent for 90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 150-260 mm long, 13-18 mm wide, narrowed to 2-4.5 mm at base (to 15-35% of maximum width), 17 mm apart on rachis. <p>Ovules glabrous. <p>Fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas edentata <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. <p><i>Leaves</i> 150-180 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 160-200 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 30-60 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 50% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 270 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 270-370 mm long, 14-18 mm wide, 12-17 mm apart on rachis; section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange, 55-60 cm long, 11-13 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 37-44 mm long, 12-23 mm wide, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 13-23 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 24-34 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 43-60 mm long, 20-30 mm wide, obscurely dentate, with soft lateral spines 0-1 mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 14-20 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 55-66 mm long, 45-50 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas micronesica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 8-12 m tall, 14-25 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy, 160 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 130-140 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine 4 mm long. Petiole 35-40 cm long (20-25% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 260 mm long, 16.5 mm wide, inserted at 80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 9 mm, narrowed to 5.5 mm at base (to 30-35% of maximum width), 18.5 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange, 40 cm long, 8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, dorsiventrally thickened, 40 mm long, 22 mm wide, fertile zone 30 mm long, sterile apex 10 mm long, level, apical spine rudimentary, sharply upturned. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 30 cm long, yellow-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina ovate, 45-50 mm long, 38-40 mm wide, shallowly pectinate, with 18-20 pungent lateral spines 2-6 mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 12-15 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 60 mm long, 50 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 6 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta apically crested. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas bougainvilleana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 240-270 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 130-260 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by a spine or paired leaflets; 3-11 mm long. Petiole 30-65 cm long, pubescent, unarmed or spinescent. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 250-340 mm long, 13-18 mm wide, inserted at 60-80&#176; to rachis; section flat; margins slightly recurved; not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, yellow to brown (pale); microsporophyll lamina firm, dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine rudimentary, sharply upturned. <p><i>Megasporophyll</i> lamina ovate to lanceolate, 70 mm long, 35-50 mm wide, regularly dentate, with pungent lateral spines, apical spine distinct from lateral spines; ovules 4-10, glabrous. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid; sarcotesta orange-brown; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta apically crested. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas seemannii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 4(-10) m tall, 10-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 150-200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 150-230 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 28-39 cm long (16-22% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed (sometimes spinescent for up to 20). Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 90-150 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 180-290 mm long, 8-15 mm wide, inserted at 45-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-10 mm, narrowed to 4-7 mm at base (to 33-45% of maximum width), 12-21 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved (sometimes undulate); apex acute, not spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange to brown (pale), 35-50 cm long, 12-15 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, dorsiventrally thickened, 30 mm long, 15 mm wide, fertile zone 25 mm long, sterile apex 5 mm long, level, apical spine rudimentary or absent, sharply upturned, 0-5 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 25-35 cm long, white-tomentose and yellow-tomentose; ovules 4-8, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 50-85 mm long, 20-40 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 20-30 pungent lateral spines 2.5-8 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-20 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 45-60 mm long, 40-50 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose to slightly pruinose, 4-5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta apically crested. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas litoralis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-10) m tall, 11-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 150-230 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 100-170 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 50-90 cm long (30-50% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 5-60% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 170-260 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 260-350 mm long, 14-19 mm wide, inserted at 65-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 8-13 mm, narrowed to 6-8 mm at base (to 35-50% of maximum width), 15-35 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange, 35-45 cm long, 13-17 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 38 mm long, 21 mm wide, fertile zone 29 mm long, sterile apex 9 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 24 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 30-50 cm long, white-tomentose or yellow-tomentose; ovules 4-8, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 90-120 mm long, 25-40 mm wide, obscurely dentate or regularly dentate, with 6-14 soft lateral spines 0-1 mm long, 0-1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25-40 mm long, 5-8 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 52 mm long, 43 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas zeylanica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent. 30 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or deep green, semiglossy, 140-190 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 70-100 leaflets, with white or orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 50-70 cm long (30-40% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 30-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 180-300 mm long, 12-15 mm wide, inserted at 50-60&#176; to rachis, narrowed to 6-7 mm at base (to 40-50% of maximum width), 22-27 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, flat below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 100-120 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 35-45 mm long, 17-19 mm wide, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 3-10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 17-30 cm long; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 60-120 mm long, 10-17 mm wide, obscurely dentate, with 6-12 soft lateral spines 0-1 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 40-60 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid; sarcotesta orange-brown; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas thouarsii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 4 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 150-210 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 170-180&#176; on rachis), with 180-200 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 40-50 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 70-90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 170 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 220-320 mm long, 8-11 mm wide, inserted at 45&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 4-7 mm, narrowed to 4-5 mm at base (to 45-55% of maximum width), 13-18 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, pungent, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange to brown (pale); microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 29-32 cm long, yellow-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 80-100 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, obscurely dentate, with 12-16 soft lateral spines 0-2 mm long, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-35 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 50-60 mm long; sarcotesta orange-brown; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp present. Description:

Cycas silvestris <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-4) m tall, 10-15 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or deep green, highly glossy, 100-200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 90-200 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by paired leaflets or a spine 1.5-10 mm long. Petiole 30-50 cm long (15-25% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 10-90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 170-340 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 150-370 mm long, 9-15 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 5-10 mm, narrowed to 3.5-5 mm at base (to 25-40% of maximum width), 11-17 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, 130 mm long, articulated. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange to brown, 11-22 cm long, 5-7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-25 mm long, 11-13 mm wide, fertile zone 16-18 mm long, sterile apex 4-6 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 5-15 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 25-38 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-10, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 30-85 mm long, 15-45 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 20-36 pungent lateral spines 2-4 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 8-26 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 30-35 mm long, 25-30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 1.5-2 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas media <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-6) m tall, 10-18 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or deep green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 90-230 cm long, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 140-180&#176; on rachis), with 160-300 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by paired leaflets or a spine 3-55 mm long. Petiole 30-70 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous or pubescent, spinescent for 10-80% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 70-150 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 130-260 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, inserted at 45-75&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-7 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4.5 mm at base (to 30-50% of maximum width), 7-13 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 80-120 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 15-25 cm long, 8-15 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-33 mm long, 8-12 mm wide, fertile zone 16-22 mm long, sterile apex 8-11 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 6-10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20-37 cm long, grey-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 4-10, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 35-100 mm long, 17-32 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 18-32 pungent lateral spines 4-10 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-45 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 31-38 mm long, 26-32 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas megacarpa <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-6) m tall, 8-14 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy or semiglossy, 70-110 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-135&#176; on rachis), with 120-170 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by paired leaflets or a spine. Petiole 20-36 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, spinescent for 20-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-200 mm long, 5-7.5 mm wide, inserted at 40-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-3 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 40-60% of maximum width), 5-12 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat, or slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 70 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 18 cm long, 7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 32 mm long, 11 mm wide, fertile zone 25 mm long, sterile apex 7 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 5-8 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 14-25 cm long, grey-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-70 mm long, 15-32 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 18-26 pungent lateral spines 3-6 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 8-20 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 38-50 mm long, 35-45 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose or slightly pruinose, 3.5-5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas schumanniana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2 m tall, 15-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 75-150 cm long, moderately keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-160(-180)&#176; on rachis), with 80-210 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine 1-3 mm long. Petiole 15-30(-53) cm long (20-30(-50)% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 20-35% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 45-110 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 120-230 mm long, 6-8.5 mm wide, inserted at 45-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3.5 mm at base (to 25-45% of maximum width), 6.5-18 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, 80 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid to narrowly ovoid, orange (pale), 12-30 cm long, 8-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-45 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, fertile zone 25-40 mm long, sterile apex 6-8 mm long, raised, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 4-11 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 17-40 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 35-100 mm long, 21-50 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 26-40 pungent lateral spines 3-6 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-25 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 32-39 mm long, 28-30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas campestris <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2.5 m tall, 20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 80-170 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-280&#176; on rachis), with 120-230 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 15-50(-90) cm long (20-40(-55)% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, spinescent for 40-90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 50-100 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 85-160 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, inserted at 60-85&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1.5-4 mm, narrowed to 2.5-3.5 mm at base (to 35-50% of maximum width), 5.5-11 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange to brown (pale), 13-17 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 33-40 mm long, 12-16 mm wide, fertile zone 30-35 mm long, sterile apex 3-5 mm long, raised, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 10-15 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 13-25 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 35-50 mm long, 20-40 mm wide, shallowly pectinate to regularly dentate, with 22-38 pungent lateral spines 4-9 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-30 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 29-38 mm long, 23-28 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 2-3.5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas semota <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 110-150 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 100-130&#176; on rachis), with 140-250 leaflets, with orange or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 32-39 cm long (25-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 10-15% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 8-140 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 140-195 mm long, 6.5-7.5 mm wide, inserted at 50-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-4 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 45-65% of maximum width), 8-11 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 60-80 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, brown, 40-46 cm long, 12-14 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 46-56 mm long, 12-16 mm wide, fertile zone 34-40 mm long, sterile apex 14-17 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, gradually raised, 8-10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 13-20 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-8, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 60-75 mm long, 20-28 mm wide, regularly or obscurely dentate, with 28-46 pungent lateral spines 0-7 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25-40 mm long, 3-4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas tuckeri <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 95-150 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-140&#176; on rachis), with 108-200 leaflets, with orange or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by paired leaflets or a spine 2-7 mm long. Petiole 20-43 cm long (20-30% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 85-210 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 155-250 mm long, 7-9 mm wide, inserted at 40-50&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 30-45% of maximum width), 10-17 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, pilose, 40-70 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, brown, 30-35 cm long, 13-15 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 40-42 mm long, 13-15 mm wide, fertile zone 35 mm long, sterile apex 5-7 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 11-16 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 10-12 cm long, grey-tomentose or white-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina ovate, 50-65 mm long, 38-50 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 22-36 pungent lateral spines 3-4 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 19-30 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 32 mm long, 28 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose or slightly pruinose, 3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas yorkiana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 4 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 90-140 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 160-220 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by a spine 5-20 mm long. Petiole 17-28 cm long (15-25% of total leaf), petiole glabrous or pubescent, spinescent for 5-90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 30-50 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 140-190 mm long, 5.5-7.5 mm wide, inserted at 60-75&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 4-5 mm at base (to 55-80% of maximum width), 9-11 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> narrowly triangular, soft, densely floccose, 60-80 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> not seen, orange or brown, 8.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 35 mm long, 12 mm wide, apical spine 6 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 21-32 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 60-100 mm long, 17-32 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 24-32 pungent lateral spines 3-6 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 12-16 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 34 mm long, 30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas badensis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 8 m tall. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 100-120 cm long, moderately keeled, with 200-230 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 24-26 cm long (20-25% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 5-50% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 60-140 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 110-220 mm long, 5-7.5 mm wide, inserted at 50-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 50-60% of maximum width), 8-9 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, 50-90 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> not seen; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 40 mm long, 15 mm wide, fertile zone 25 mm long, sterile apex 15 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 4 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 23-28 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 50-55 mm long, 15-30 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 22-24 pungent lateral spines 1-4 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 21-25 mm long, 5 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 30-35 mm long, 27-29 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas cairnsiana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2(-5) m tall, 12-16 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> blue, dull, 60-110 cm long, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 30-90&#176; on rachis), with 180-220 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 18-27 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 30-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 80-180 mm long, 2-3(-4) mm wide, inserted at 20-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-3 mm, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 80-100% of maximum width), 5-6 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins revolute; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, densely floccose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 16-20 cm long, 7-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 35-50 mm long, 12-15 mm wide, fertile zone 22-34 mm long, sterile apex 12-15 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 6-9 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-21 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-70 mm long, 15-25 mm wide, obscurely or regularly dentate, with 26-32 pungent lateral spines 0-1 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-20 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 36-42 mm long, 30-37 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas couttsiana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-7) m tall, 14-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> blue, dull, 100-130 cm long, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 30-90(-150)&#176; on rachis), with 180-270 leaflets, with white tomentum persistent below; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 17-21 cm long, pubescent, spinescent for 30-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 170-210 mm long, 4.5-6 mm wide, inserted at 40-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-5 mm, narrowed to 3-4.5 mm at base (to 60-80% of maximum width), 5-9 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, densely floccose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 15-20 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-35 mm long, 12 mm wide, fertile zone 25 mm long, sterile apex 12 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 8 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-26 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-60 mm long, 20-30 mm wide, obscurely or regularly dentate, with 22-36 pungent lateral spines 1-3 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-25 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 35-46 mm long, 28-38 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas desolata <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 4(-7) m tall, 15-25 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> blue, dull, 75-120 cm long, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 30-50&#176; on rachis), with 90-136 leaflets, with orange or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 10-23 cm long, glabrous, unarmed. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 180-210 mm long, 3.5-5 mm wide, inserted at 40-50&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-4 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 70-80% of maximum width), 1-5 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, densely floccose, 30-45 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange or brown, 24-40 cm long, 8-9.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 28-38 mm long, 5-13 mm wide, fertile zone 20-26 mm long, sterile apex 8-12 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 3-4 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 13-24 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina ovate, 28-32 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, obscurely dentate, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 5-15 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 35-39 mm long, 32-35 mm wide; sarcotesta yellow or orange-brown, strongly pruinose; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas ophiolitica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2(-7) m tall, 14-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green (bluish wnen new), semiglossy, 95-140 cm long, strongly to moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 80-120&#176; on rachis), with 170-220 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands to persistent below; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 18-35 cm long, pubescent, spinescent or unarmed (rarely), for 0-80% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 140-240 mm long, 6-7.5 mm wide, inserted at 45-70&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1.5-3 mm, narrowed to 3.5-5 mm at base (to 55-80% of maximum width), 6-9 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat, or slightly keeled; margins recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, densely floccose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 17 cm long, 8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 32-40 mm long, 10-14 mm wide, fertile zone 22-26 mm long, sterile apex 10-15 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 7-11 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 18-30 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-70 mm long, 12-30 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 22-36 pungent lateral spines 1-5 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 8-20 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 29-33 mm long, 28-32 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, slightly pruinose, 2.5-3.5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas platyphylla <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2(-4) m tall, 10-15 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green (blue wnen new), highly glossy or semiglossy, 55-111 cm long, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 45-60&#176; on rachis), with 120-260 leaflets, with orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 12-24 cm long, glabrous, spinescent for 60-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 90-170 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-4 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 65-85% of maximum width), 5-10 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat, or slightly keeled; margins recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, densely floccose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 15-20 cm long, 8-11 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-35 mm long, 9-13 mm wide, fertile zone 22-26 mm long, sterile apex 7-10 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 6-9 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-32 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina ovate to lanceolate, 50-80 mm long, 16-37 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 30-36 pungent lateral spines 0.5-2 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 20-25 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 30-40 mm long, 27-38 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas angulata <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5(-12) m tall, 15-25 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green (bluish when new), semiglossy, 110-170 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-135&#176; on rachis), with 180-320 leaflets, with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 28-52 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, spinescent for 30-90% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 140-230 mm long, 4.5-6.5 mm wide, inserted at 40-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-4 mm, narrowed to 3-5 mm at base (to 70-80% of maximum width), 6-9 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 130 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> globose, orange, 20-25 cm long, 12-15 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 45-60 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, fertile zone 30-40 mm long, sterile apex 15-20 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 20-30 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 25-50 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 6-12, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 50-105 mm long, 25-35 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 34-50 pungent lateral spines 0.5-2 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 12-38 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 45-60 mm long, 40-50 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose or slightly pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas brunnea <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2(-5) m tall, 17-23 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green or blue, dull, 120-170 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-135&#176; on rachis), with 160-240 leaflets, with brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine 5-10 mm long. Petiole 28-60 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, spinescent or unarmed (rarely), for 20-50% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 170-270 mm long, 6-7.5 mm wide, inserted at 40-50&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-6 mm, narrowed to 4-5 mm at base (to 55-75% of maximum width), 9-13 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> globose, yellow, 21 cm long, 13 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 50-55 mm long, 20 mm wide, fertile zone 40 mm long, sterile apex 15 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 28 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 28-32 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 45-80 mm long, 18-22 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 24-30 pungent lateral spines 0.5-2 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 16-32 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 36-39 mm long, 28-32 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 2-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas papuana <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2.8 m tall. 30 leaves in crown. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green (bluish when new), semiglossy, 100-130 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-160&#176; on rachis), with 180-250 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 30-40 cm long (25-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 30-90 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 80-130 mm long, 6-9 mm wide, inserted at 60-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1.5-5 mm, narrowed to 3.5-5.5 mm at base (to 55-65% of maximum width), 5.5-14 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 15-20 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 24 mm long, 10 mm wide, fertile zone 17 mm long, sterile apex 7 mm long, level, apical spine rudimentary, sharply upturned, 1-5 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, regularly dentate, pungent, apical spine distinct from lateral spines. <p><i>Seeds</i> ovoid, 32-35 mm long, 25-29 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 1.5-2.5 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas xipholepis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 6 m tall, 10-15 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, highly glossy to semiglossy, 70-120 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 120-210 leaflets, tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by a spine 3-18 mm long. Petiole 23-35 cm long (25-35% of total leaf), petiole glabrous, unarmed or spinescent for 5-50% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines, 30-85 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 75-150 mm long, 4.5-7 mm wide, inserted at 70-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1.5-3 mm, narrowed to 3-4 mm at base (to 50-80% of maximum width), 7-9 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, thinly sericeous or lacking tomentum, 80-120 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-27 cm long, grey-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-65 mm long, 20-30 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 14-34 pungent lateral spines 5-7 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 17-24 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 33 mm long, 28 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas orientis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 4(-7) m tall, 8-14 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, highly glossy, 55-125 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 130-180 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands. Petiole 17-35 cm long, glabrous, unarmed (rarely with few distal spines). Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 60-160 mm long, 4.5-7 mm wide, inserted at 50-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-3.5 mm, narrowed to 3-5 mm at base (to 50-80% of maximum width), 5-10 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib raised above (slightly), raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 4-8 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 20 cm long, 8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25 mm long, 14 mm wide, fertile zone 20 mm long, sterile apex 6 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 14-24 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 1-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-90 mm long, 15-25 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 10-24 pungent lateral spines 1-5 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 14-63 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 25-36 mm long, 25-34 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, slightly pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas armstrongii <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-6) m tall, 5-11 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy to highly glossy, 55-90 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-160&#176; on rachis), with 100-220 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 10-25(-35) cm long, glabrous, spinescent (usually), for 20-60% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 55-140 mm long, 4.5-8 mm wide, inserted at 70-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 3.5-5 mm at base (to 50-85% of maximum width), 6-14 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 11-20 cm long, 7.5-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-35 mm long, 14-17 mm wide, fertile zone 24-28 mm long, sterile apex 4-6 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 7-10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 13-22 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 30-70 mm long, 18-35 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 20-28 pungent lateral spines 1-4 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-25 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 34-37 mm long, 32-36 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas canalis <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-5) m tall, 7-14 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> blue (aging to bright green), semiglossy, 60-105 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-180&#176; on rachis), with 100-170 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 15-25 cm long, glabrous (or loosely orange-tomentose), spinescent for 70-100% of length. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 100-205 mm long, 4.5-8 mm wide, inserted at 40-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1-2 mm, narrowed to 3-5 mm at base (to 40-60% of maximum width), 6-12 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib raised above (slightly), raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, densely floccose, 70-90 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 15-22 cm long, 8-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 35-45 mm long, 15-23 mm wide, fertile zone 28-32 mm long, sterile apex 8-14 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 11-18 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-25 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-60 mm long, 22-32 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 12-20 pungent lateral spines 2-6 mm long, 2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-30 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 34-40 mm long, 30-36 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 2-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas conferta <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 4(-7) m tall, 9-13 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green (slightly bluish), dull, 70-110 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-180&#176; on rachis), with 160-240 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis consistently terminated by a spine (sometimes toothed). Petiole 20-45 cm long, glabrous (or loosely pubescent), unarmed. Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, concolorous (someties party amphistomatic), 70-120 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, inserted at 60-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1-2 mm, narrowed to 3.5-5.5 mm at base (to 60-80% of maximum width), 5-8 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex acute, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, pilose, 60-90 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 11-18 cm long, 8-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-29 mm long, 14-17 mm wide, fertile zone 19-24 mm long, sterile apex 5-9 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 7-11 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 17-22 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 45-75 mm long, 18-30 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 18-24 pungent lateral spines 1-3 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 8 mm long, 2-4 mm wide at base. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid to oblong, 40 mm long, 30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, slightly pruinose, 2-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas lane-poolei <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 5(-8) m tall, 12-15 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or blue (when new, aging to bright glossy green), semiglossy, 60-110 cm long, slightly keeled to flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-180&#176; on rachis), with 90-170 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 18-40 cm long, glabrous, unarmed (or with few distal spines). Basal leaflets not gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 60-170 mm long, 4.5-8.5 mm wide, inserted at 45-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 40-70% of maximum width), 4-12 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat; apex aristate, not spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, pungent, densely floccose, 60-100 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> ovoid, orange, 10-14 cm long, 9-11 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-35 mm long, 14-16 mm wide, fertile zone 22-26 mm long, sterile apex 5-10 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 8-11 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 16-22 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-65 mm long, 17-28 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 12-30 pungent lateral spines 1-5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 15-20 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 38-45 mm long, 36-40 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose, 3-4 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas arnhemica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1.5(-2.5) m tall, 12-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green to deep green, semiglossy, 70-160 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis), with 160-260 leaflets, with white and orange or brown tomentum shedding as leaf expands or persistent below; rachis consistently terminated by a spine. Petiole 12-35 cm long, pubescent, unarmed or spinescent for 0-50% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 55-190 mm long, 3-6.5 mm wide, inserted at 60-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1-3 mm, narrowed to 2.5-5 mm at base (to 65-80% of maximum width), 4-14 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat, or slightly keeled; margins recurved; apex acute or aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange, 18-36 cm long, 6.5-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-30 mm long, 6-17 mm wide, fertile zone 15-22 mm long, sterile apex 6-9 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 5-14 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-24 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 30-70 mm long, 14-22 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 18-26 pungent lateral spines 1-3 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 8 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 28-32 mm long, 25-29 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, not pruinose or slightly pruinose, 1.5-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas maconochiei <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 3(-7) m tall, 9-15 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green or grey-green, semiglossy, 70-120 cm long, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-160&#176; on rachis), with 140-230 leaflets, with white and orange tomentum shedding as leaf expands or persistent above and below; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 18-33 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, unarmed or spinescent for 0-100% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 70-150 mm long, 3.5-7 mm wide, inserted at 60-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1.5-3 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4.5 mm at base (to 55-80% of maximum width), 5-10 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat, or slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved, or recurved; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib flat above (or slightly raised), raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, densely floccose, 60-80 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange, 20-34 cm long, 10-14 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-35 mm long, 9-12 mm wide, fertile zone 20-27 mm long, sterile apex 5-8 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 4-8 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 20-27 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 2-4, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 40-60 mm long, 14-22 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 24-36 pungent lateral spines 1-4 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 33-36 mm long, 29-32 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, slightly pruinose, 3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas arenicola <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1.5(-2.5) m tall, 15-20 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green, semiglossy, 90-160 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 160-180&#176; on rachis), with 180-200 leaflets, with brown tomentum persistent below; rachis consistently terminated by a spine. Petiole 25-35 cm long, pubescent, spinescent for 50-100% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 90-190 mm long, 4.5-6.5 mm wide, inserted at 60-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2-3 mm, narrowed to 3-5 mm at base (to 70-80% of maximum width), 9-14 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, orange, 25 cm long, 9 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-30 mm long, 6-9 mm wide, fertile zone 15-20 mm long, sterile apex 6 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 5 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 15-20 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 30-40 mm long, 14-18 mm wide, obscurely or regularly dentate, with 18-26 pungent lateral spines 0-1 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 8 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 28-32 mm long, 25-29 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, slightly pruinose, 1.5-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas calcicola <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2(-5) m tall, 16-22 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> deep green, semiglossy, 60-130 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 210-410 leaflets, with white tomentum persistent below to persistent above and below; rachis usually terminated by a spine. Petiole 18-30 cm long, pubescent, spinescent for 10-50% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 50-120 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, inserted at 70-90&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 0-1.5 mm, narrowed to 2.5-4 mm at base (to 90-100% of maximum width), 4-6 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins revolute; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, orange or green, 25-30 cm long, 5-7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-30 mm long, 8-10 mm wide, fertile zone 18-20 mm long, sterile apex 8-10 mm long, level, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 7-10 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 12-18 cm long, grey-tomentose and brown-tomentose; ovules 4-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate to ovate, 20-25 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 26-36 pungent lateral spines 2-4 mm long, 1 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 6-10 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 25-31 mm long, 23-30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 2.5-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas basaltica <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2(-4) m tall, 15-23 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> grey-green to deep green, semiglossy (when mature), 80-125 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 140-210 leaflets, with white tomentum persistent below; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 8-20 cm long, pubescent, spinescent for 5-50% of length (often only 2-3 distal spines). Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines, 1 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 90-180 mm long, 5.5-9.5 mm wide, inserted at 70-80&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 1.5-5 mm, narrowed to 4-6.5 mm at base (to 65-75% of maximum width), 6-13 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat; margins flat, or slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib flat above, raised below. <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, 70-130 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid, orange to brown, 18-24 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 25-35 mm long, 11-15 mm wide, fertile zone 20-24 mm long, sterile apex 7-13 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 5-11 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 17-24 cm long, brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 50-90 mm long, 14-19 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 6-20 soft lateral spines 2-4 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 20-35 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 27-31 mm long, 26-30 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 2-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas furfuracea <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 2(-4) m tall, 18-22 cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> blue, dull, 80-150 cm long, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 40-70&#176; on rachis), with 100-220 leaflets, with white tomentum persistent below; rachis consistently terminated by paired leaflets. Petiole 15-26 cm long, pubescent, spinescent for 5-50% of length (often only 2-3 distal spines). Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines, 1 mm long. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, weakly discolorous, 70-200 mm long, 6.5-7.5 mm wide, inserted at 40-50&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 3-7 mm, narrowed to 4.5-6 mm at base (to 75-85% of maximum width), 9-13 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section flat to slightly keeled; margins slightly recurved; apex acute, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below (prominent). <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, orange to brown, 30-40 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 30-40 mm long, 16-20 mm wide, fertile zone 20-25 mm long, sterile apex 12-18 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 6-12 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 26-36 cm long, white-tomentose to grey-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 4-8, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 70-95 mm long, 10-22 mm wide, regularly dentate, with 12-20 soft lateral spines 2-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 25-65 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 32-36 mm long, 27-32 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 2-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Cycas pruinosa <p><i>Stems</i> arborescent, to 1.5(-2.5) m tall, 15-25(-35) cm diam. at narrowest point. <p><i>Leaves</i> bright green or blue, semiglossy or dull, 60-125 cm long, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 45-90&#176; on rachis), with 130-320 leaflets, with white tomentum shedding as leaf expands; terminated by paired leaflets or a spine 1-4 mm long. Petiole 8-23 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, spinescent for 50-100% of length. Basal leaflets gradually reducing to spines. <p><i>Median leaflets</i> simple, strongly discolorous, 110-170 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide, inserted at 40-60&#176; to rachis, decurrent for 2.5-4 mm, narrowed to 2-3 mm at base (to 80-100% of maximum width), 5-9 mm apart on rachis; median leaflets section slightly keeled; margins revolute; apex aristate, spinescent; midrib raised above, raised below (prominent). <p><i>Cataphylls</i> linear, soft, pilose, 70 mm long, persistent. <p><i>Pollen cones</i> fusiform, orange to brown, 35-45 cm long, 5-7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina firm, not dorsiventrally thickened, 20-30 mm long, 8-13 mm wide, fertile zone 12-18 mm long, sterile apex 9-14 mm long, deflexed, apical spine prominent, sharply upturned, 6-25 mm long. <p><i>Megasporophylls</i> 25-45 cm long, white-tomentose to grey-tomentose or brown-tomentose; ovules 2-6, glabrous; lamina lanceolate, 95-190 mm long, 18-40 mm wide, shallowly pectinate or regularly dentate, with 14-24 soft lateral spines 5-10 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apical spine distinct from lateral spines, 10-45 mm long. <p><i>Seeds</i> flattened-ovoid, 32-36 mm long, 28-32 mm wide; sarcotesta orange-brown, strongly pruinose, 2-3 mm thick; fibrous layer absent; sclerotesta smooth. Spongy endocarp absent. Description:

Dioon califanoi <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 3 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> dark green, dull, 70-85 cm long, keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90&#176; on rachis), with 160-200 leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, weakly discolorous, not falcate, inserted at 45&#176; to rachis, overlapping upwards; margins flat, entire; median leaflets 6-7 cm long, 7-8 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid, pale brown, 30-40 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale brown, 40-50 cm long, 20-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 30-40 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon caputoi <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 1 m tall, 25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> blue or blue-green, dull, 70-90 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 100-140 leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines, petiole spine-free for 12-15 cm. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, concolorous, not falcate, inserted at 30-40&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins recurved, entire or dentate; median leaflets 8-10 cm long, 4-5 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid, pale brown, 30-40 cm long, 9-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale brown, 30-40 cm long, 20-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> subglobose, 30-40 mm long, 30-40 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon edule <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 4 m tall, 30-50 cm diam. 50-150 leaves in crown. <P><I>Leaves</I> light or bright green or blue or blue-green, semiglossy to dull, 100-200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 70-150 leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines, petiole spine-free for 5 cm. <P><I>Leaflets</I> narrowly lanceolate, concolorous, not falcate, inserted at 90&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins flat, entire; median leaflets 6-12 cm long, 5-10 mm wide. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> 20-30 mm long, fawn tomentose. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> ovoid to fusiform, pale brown, 15-40 cm long, 6-10 cm diam. Microsporophyll apex 30 mm long, 20 mm wide. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale grey, 20-35 cm long, 12-20 cm diam. Megasporophyll apex 35 mm long, 25 mm wide. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-45 mm long, 20-30 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon holmgrenii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 6 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> dark green, semiglossy, 130-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 230-260 leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines, petiole spine-free for 13-15 cm. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, not falcate, inserted at 60&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins flat, dentate; median leaflets 10-12 cm long, 7-9 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, pale brown, 30-40 cm long, 6-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale brown, 30-50 cm long, 20-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> subglobose, 25-30 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon mejiae <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 1 m tall, 25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> light or bright green, highly glossy, 100-200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 120-200 leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not falcate, inserted at 90&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins flat, entire; median leaflets 12-22 cm long, 12-17 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, pale brown, 30-80 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale brown, 30-50 cm long, 20-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 40-50 mm long, 30-40 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon merolae <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 3 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> dark green, semiglossy, 80-100 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 200-240 leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> narrowly lanceolate, not falcate, inserted at 50&#176; to rachis, overlapping downwards; margins flat, dentate; median leaflets 7-9 cm long, 10-12 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid, pale brown, 30-40 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale brown, 40-45 cm long, 20-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 30-40 mm long, 25-35 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon purpusii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 5 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> dark grey green, dull, 80-160 cm long, keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-180&#176; on rachis), with 150-260 leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines, petiole spine-free for 5-20 cm. <P><I>Leaflets</I> narrowly lanceolate, not falcate, inserted at 45&#176; to rachis, overlapping downwards; margins flat, dentate; median leaflets 7-12 cm long, 8-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid, green or pale brown, 20-30 cm long, 7-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale brown, 35-45 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 30-40 mm long, 25-35 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon rzedowskii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 5 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> light or bright green, highly glossy, 140-180 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 160 leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines, petiole spine-free for 10-15 cm. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, not falcate, inserted at 90&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins flat, entire; median leaflets 14-19 cm long, 18-21 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, pale brown, 30-50 cm long, 8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid to narrowly ovoid, pale brown, 60-80 cm long, 20-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 50-60 mm long, 30 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon sonorense <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. <P><I>Leaves</I> dark grey green, dull, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis). <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, not falcate, inserted at 90&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins flat, entire; median leaflets 10-18 cm long, 4-7 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon spinulosum <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 10 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> light or bright green, highly glossy, 150-200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 140-240 leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, not falcate, inserted at 80-90&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins flat, dentate; median leaflets 15-20 cm long, 14-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, pale grey, 40-55 cm long, 7-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale grey, 30-90 cm long, 20-35 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 40-50 mm long, 30-35 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Dioon tomasellii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent. Stem 1 m tall. <P><I>Leaves</I> light or bright green, semiglossy, 100-200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis), with 140-180 leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> narrowly lanceolate, falcate, inserted at 90&#176; to rachis, not overlapping; margins flat, entire or dentate; median leaflets 10-18 cm long, 7-12 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, pale brown, 25-50 cm long, 6-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, pale brown, 20-30 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-35 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta cream or white. Description:

Encephalartos aemulans <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 120-200 cm long, light or bright green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, overlapping downwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 12-15 cm long, 16-18 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, yellow, 29-38 cm long, 14-18 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, green to yellow, 35-40 cm long, 20-23 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos altensteinii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 5 m tall, 25-35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-200 cm long, light or bright green to dark green, highly glossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 100-150&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not clear; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate or ovate, strongly discolorous, overlapping downwards or not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15 cm long, 25 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-5, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 40-50 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, yellow, 40-55 cm long, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 35-40 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos arenarius <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1 m tall, 20-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, blue or silver, semiglossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-150&#176; on rachis); rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate, weakly discolorous, overlapping downwards, with 2-3 lobes on most leaflets, insertion angle horizontal to obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 12-16 cm long, 30-40 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, narrowly ovoid, green, 30-50 cm long, 8-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, green, 50-60 cm long, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 40-50 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos barteri <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent, or acaulescent; stem 0.3-2.6 m tall, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-180 cm long, light or bright green, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear to lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 9-15 cm long, 10-17 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, fusiform, green, 8-23 cm long, 3-5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 12-35 cm long, 8-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> flattened-ovoid to oblong, 20-30 mm long, 18-23 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos bubalinus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2 m tall, 45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 60-160 cm long, light or bright green, semiglossy, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-160&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 10-20 cm long, 10-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 11-22 cm long, 5-6 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 25-30 cm long, 15-18 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 35-40 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos caffer <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.3-0.4 m tall, 20-25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 50-100 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-150&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted or slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 8-10 cm long, 10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 20-30 cm long, 7-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, yellow, 30 cm long, 15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos cerinus <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.3 m tall, 25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 80-120 cm long, blue or silver to blue green, dull, slightly keeled to flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis); straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); upper margin entire (no teeth) to lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth) to lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15-18 cm long, 10-12 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, fusiform, green to yellow, 55-60 cm long, 9-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, blue-green to yellow, 30-35 cm long, 12-18 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 16-18 mm wide, sarcotesta orange or yellow. Description:

Encephalartos chimanimaniensis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1.8 m tall, 45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, light or bright green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 12-18 cm long, 20-25 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, fusiform, green, 50-70 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 40-45 cm long, 18-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 20-30 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos concinnus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 150-200 cm long, light or bright green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 10-15 cm long, 20-25 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, fusiform, green, 30-50 cm long, 7-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, green, 35-45 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-35 mm long, 18-23 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos cupidus <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.15 m tall, 15 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100 cm long, blue or silver, dull, strongly keeled or moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 50-100&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight with last third sharply recurved, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 10-15 cm long, 10-12 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 18-20 cm long, 5-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, green, 18-20 cm long, 12-14 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 20-25 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta orange or yellow. Description:

Encephalartos cycadifolius <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 1 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100 cm long, blue green, dull, slightly keeled or flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal or obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 9-12 cm long, 4-6 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, yellow, 15-20 cm long, 5-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, yellow, 20-30 cm long, 16-18 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos dolomiticus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 60-80 cm long, blue or silver, dull, moderately keeled; rachis blue, straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth) to lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 12-17 cm long, 10-14 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, narrowly ovoid, green, 35-50 cm long, 10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, blue-green, 30-45 cm long, 18-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-35 mm long, 18-20 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos dyerianus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 60 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 140-170 cm long, blue or silver, dull, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-120&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 17-24 cm long, 13-18 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 5-8, narrowly ovoid, bluish-green to yellow, 30-50 cm long, 9-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, blue-green to yellow, 30-60 cm long, 10-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 40-45 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow to orange-brown. Description:

Encephalartos equatorialis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 6 m tall, 40-60 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 300-400 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with more than 12 prickles, spine-free for 0 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle acute (less than 45&#176;); margins incurved; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 20-26 cm long, 20-26 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 5, narrowly ovoid, green, 30-40 cm long, 9-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 36-40 cm long, 18-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> flattened-ovoid or oblong, 35-38 mm long, 23-30 mm wide, sarcotesta red or orange. Description:

Encephalartos eugene-maraisii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2.5 m tall, 30-45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, blue or silver, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 50-90&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight with last third sharply recurved, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with no prickles, spine-free for 15 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines, or reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, overlapping downwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 15-20 cm long, 13-18 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, fusiform, brown, 20-40 cm long, 6-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, brown, 30-50 cm long, 16-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 35-40 mm long, 23-30 mm wide, sarcotesta orange-brown. Description:

Encephalartos ferox <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent, or acaulescent; stem 1 m tall, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-200 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, slightly keeled to flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate, strongly discolorous, overlapping downwards or not overlapping, with 2-3 lobes on most leaflets, insertion angle horizontal or obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat, or incurved; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15 cm long, 35-50 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-10, fusiform, red, 40-50 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, red, 25-50 cm long, 20-40 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 45-50 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 40-60 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, blue or silver to blue green, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 60-100&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, weakly discolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;) or acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 10-18 cm long, 7-8 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-12, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 30-40 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, yellow, 25-30 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos ghellinckii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 30-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100 cm long, dark green or blue green, dull, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole recurved, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed; margins recurved; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 8-14 cm long, 2-4 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-5, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 20-25 cm long, 6-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, yellow, 20-25 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos gratus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2.5 m tall, 60 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 120-200 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 18-26 cm long, 20-35 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 15-20, fusiform, brown, 30-40 cm long, 4.5-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 2-5, ovoid, brown, 55-65 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-40 mm long, 14-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos heenanii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 25-35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-125 cm long, light or bright green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, incurved, curving stiffly upwards, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole recurved, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat, or incurved; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 12-15 cm long, 15-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, yellow, 27-30 cm long, 15-17 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, yellow, 23-30 cm long, 17-18 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 23-25 mm long, 14-18 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos hildebrandtii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 6 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 200-300 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, moderately keeled or slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 20-26 cm long, 28-36 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 3-8, fusiform, green or yellow, 20-50 cm long, 5-9 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 2-4, ovoid, yellow, 28-60 cm long, 15-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-38 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red or orange or yellow. Description:

Encephalartos hirsutus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 35-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 110-140 cm long, blue or silver, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 40-70&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles, spine-free for 13 cm; basal leaflets not reducing to spines, or reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;) or acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 13-17 cm long, 10-24 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-5, narrowly ovoid, bluish-green, 50 cm long, 9 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, blue-green, 40 cm long, 35 cm diam. Smooth. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-35 mm long, 15-18 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos horridus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 0.5 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100 cm long, blue or silver, dull, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping to overlapping upwards, with 2-3 lobes on most leaflets, insertion angle horizontal to obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat, or recurved; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 10 cm long, 25-40 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, ovoid, red to brown, 20-40 cm long, 6-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, red to brown, 25-40 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-35 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos humilis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.3 m tall, 20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 30-50 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-160&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight with last third sharply recurved, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 9-13 cm long, 4-6 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, narrowly ovoid, brown, 15-20 cm long, 4-5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, brown, 25-30 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-30 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos inopinus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 15-25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, blue or silver, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 14-20 cm long, 8-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, narrowly ovoid, green, 18-25 cm long, 6-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, green, 30-35 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid or oblong, 20-25 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta orange. Description:

Encephalartos ituriensis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 6 m tall, 50 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 200-300 cm long, dark green, flat (not keeled) in section, (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); straight, stiff or gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles or 6-12 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal or obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 20-25 cm long, 25-30 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, narrowly ovoid, green or yellow or brown, 20-26 cm long, 5-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, green or yellow or brown, 18-20 cm long, 10-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-35 mm long, 15-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos kisambo <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2.5 m tall, 70 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 200-400 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight; leaf-base collar not present. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal to obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth), or heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 25-40 cm long, 30-40 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-3, fusiform, yellow, 40-60 cm long, 10-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 2-3, ovoid, yellow, 40-60 cm long, 15-16 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-40 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos laevifolius <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 150 cm long, blue or silver to blue green, dull, moderately keeled or slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-150&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 12-15 cm long, 5-7 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-6, ovoid, yellow, 30-40 cm long, 10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, yellow, 20-30 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-27 mm long, 20-23 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos lanatus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1-1.5 m tall, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100 cm long, blue green, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 40-80&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, weakly discolorous, overlapping downwards or not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 10-14 cm long, 6-8 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, narrowly ovoid, red, 25-30 cm long, 5-6 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, yellow, 25-30 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid or oblong, 25-30 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos latifrons <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 30-35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, yellow green to light or bright green, highly glossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-120&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate, strongly discolorous, overlapping upwards, with 2-3 lobes on most leaflets, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 10-15 cm long, 40-60 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 30-50 cm long, 8-17 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 50-60 cm long, 25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-33 mm long, 16-18 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos laurentianus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 15 m tall, 100 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 400-700 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 35-50 cm long, 40-70 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, ovoid, yellow, 17-35 cm long, 6-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 2-6, ovoid, yellow, 35-40 cm long, 18-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 40-50 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos lebomboensis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, light or bright green, highly glossy, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120-150&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 6-12 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, overlapping downwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth), or heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth), or heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 12-18 cm long, 15 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 40-45 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, yellow, 40-45 cm long, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-40 mm long, 18-22 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos lehmannii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2 m tall, 25-45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, blue or silver, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 50-90&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight with last third sharply recurved, strongly spirally twisted in most leaves; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;) or acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 12-18 cm long, 15-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, narrowly ovoid or fusiform, green or brown, 25-35 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, green or brown, 45-50 cm long, 25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid or oblong, 30-45 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos longifolius <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 30-45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-200 cm long, dark green or blue green, semiglossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 80-120&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed or with 1-2 lobes on upper and median leaflets, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat, or incurved; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 20 cm long, 20-30 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 40-60 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 40-60 cm long, 30-40 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 40-50 mm long, 20-30 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos manikensis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1.5 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-200 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, moderately keeled; rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 12-15 cm long, 20-25 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, ovoid to narrowly ovoid, green, 22-60 cm long, 7-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, green, 32-50 cm long, 14-18 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-36 mm long, 18-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos marunguensis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.4 m tall, 15 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 50-85 cm long, blue green, semiglossy, strongly keeled; rachis green, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 10-12 cm long, 12-13 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, narrowly ovoid, bluish-green or green, 18-25 cm long, 5-7.5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, blue-green or green, 20-30 cm long, 10-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 20-30 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red or yellow. Description:

Encephalartos middelburgensis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 7 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-180 cm long, blue or silver, dull, strongly keeled; rachis blue, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 18-20 cm long, 14-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 4-8, narrowly ovoid, green, 30-35 cm long, 8-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 4-8, ovoid, green, 35-45 cm long, 17-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 35-40 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow or orange-brown. Description:

Encephalartos msinganus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 110-150 cm long, light or bright green, highly glossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff or gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles, spine-free for 2-10 cm; leaf-base collar not clear; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, overlapping downwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 14-17 cm long, 16-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-4, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 30-40 cm long, 11-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, yellow, 42 cm long, 22 cm diam. Verrucose. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos munchii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1 m tall, 35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-130 cm long, dark green or blue green, semiglossy, moderately keeled; rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 12-15 cm long, 18-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-6, narrowly ovoid, bluish-green, 40-65 cm long, 7-9 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-6, ovoid, blue-green, 40-50 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 20-23 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos natalensis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 6 m tall, 25-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 150-300 cm long, light or bright green, highly glossy, slightly keeled to flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 6-12 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15-25 cm long, 25-40 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-5, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 45-50 cm long, 10-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, yellow, 50-60 cm long, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 16-18 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos ngoyanus <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.3 m tall, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 50-125 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 7-10 cm long, 8 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 20-25 cm long, 5-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, yellow, 25 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos nubimontanus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2.5 m tall, 35-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 110-140 cm long, blue or silver, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 45-70&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets reducing to spines (few). <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, concolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 17-25 cm long, 15-25 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-5, narrowly ovoid or fusiform, bluish-green, 25-40 cm long, 5-11 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, blue-green, 30-40 cm long, 18-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 35-38 mm long, 23-30 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos paucidentatus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 6 m tall, 40-70 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 150-250 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section or reflexed (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal to obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15-25 cm long, 20-35 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, yellow, 40-60 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, ovoid, yellow, 35-50 cm long, 20-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-35 mm long, 18-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos poggei <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 70-150 cm long, blue green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff or straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted or slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear or lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 8-15 cm long, 7-13 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-3, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 10-30 cm long, 3-7.5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 2-3, ovoid, yellow, 17-23 cm long, 9-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 20-33 mm long, 17-23 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos princeps <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 30-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-130 cm long, blue or silver, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 50-90&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 15 cm long, 15 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 20-25 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green, 30-40 cm long, 20-25 cm diam. Verrucose. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 35-40 mm long, 15-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos pterogonus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1.5 m tall, 40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, light or bright green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15-18 cm long, 20-25 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-3, narrowly ovoid, green, 30-38 cm long, 9-11 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 2-3, ovoid, green, 30-40 cm long, 16-18 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-35 mm long, 20-23 mm wide, sarcotesta red or orange. Description:

Encephalartos schmitzii <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.3 m tall, 20 cm diam; 9 leaves in crown. <P><I>Leaves</I> 40-60 cm long, blue green, semiglossy, strongly keeled; rachis green, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 10-14 cm long, 8-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, ovoid or narrowly ovoid, bluish-green or green, 8-10 cm long, 3-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, blue-green or green, 20-25 cm long, 10-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid or oblong, 20-25 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta orange. Description:

Encephalartos sclavoi <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1 m tall, 35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 170-200 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, slightly keeled to flat in section; rachis green, straight, stiff or gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted or slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins incurved; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 18-25 cm long, 30-40 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-2, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 20-25 cm long, 10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, yellow, 30-40 cm long, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 20 mm wide, sarcotesta yellow. Description:

Encephalartos senticosus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 110-180 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 135&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff or gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles, spine-free for 5-20 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, overlapping downwards or not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 8-18 cm long, 14-27 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 3-4, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 30-60 cm long, 10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 2-3, ovoid, yellow, 45 cm long, 22 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos septentrionalis <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, light or bright green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff or gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with more than 12 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal or obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 7-18 cm long, 15-35 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 8-10, narrowly ovoid, green or brown, 20-22 cm long, 6-8 cm diam. <P>Seed cones ovoid, green or brown, 30-35 cm long, 18-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 23-35 mm long, 16-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos tegulaneus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 10 m tall, 60 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 120-180 cm long, light or bright green or blue green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with more than 12 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins recurved; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 16-22 cm long, 16-28 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 3-6, narrowly ovoid, green or yellow, 35-50 cm long, 10-14 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 3-6, ovoid, green or yellow, 40-70 cm long, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-37 mm long, 20-23 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos transvenosus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 12 m tall, 40-45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 150-250 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate or ovate, strongly discolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 16-25 cm long, 25-45 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, yellow, 30-40 cm long, 13-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, yellow, 50-80 cm long, 20-30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 40-50 mm long, 20-27 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos trispinosus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 1 m tall, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 75-125 cm long, blue or silver, dull, slightly keeled to flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis); rachis blue, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles; leaf-base collar prominent; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, with 1-2 lobes on upper and median leaflets, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 10-18 cm long, 15-25 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, fusiform, yellow, 25-35 cm long, 7-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1, ovoid, yellow, 40-50 cm long, 18-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-35 mm long, 18-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos turneri <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 3 m tall, 80 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-150 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, slightly keeled; rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 6-12 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;) or acute (less than 45&#176;); margins recurved; upper margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15-20 cm long, 20-30 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 25-30 cm long, 6-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, yellow, 26-30 cm long, 14-16 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 40-60 mm long, 20-25 mm wide, sarcotesta red or yellow. Description:

Encephalartos umbeluziensis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.25 m tall, 25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-200 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles, spine-free for 15-20 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, weakly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 10-20 cm long, 10-15 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-4, narrowly ovoid, green, 30 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, green, 25-30 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 30-32 mm long, 18-23 mm wide, sarcotesta orange. Description:

Encephalartos villosus <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.3 m tall, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 150-300 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, slightly keeled or flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 6-12 prickles; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear or lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat, or incurved; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 15-25 cm long, 15-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-8, narrowly ovoid, yellow, 50-70 cm long, 12-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-4, ovoid, yellow, 30-50 cm long, 20-25 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-30 mm long, 18-20 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos whitelockii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 4 m tall, 35-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 310-410 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, slightly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 160&#176; on rachis); rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax or straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 6-12 prickles, spine-free for 13 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); median leaflets 23-30 cm long, 20-28 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-5, narrowly ovoid, green or yellow, 50 cm long, 9 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, ovoid, green or yellow, 45 cm long, 35 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 30-35 mm long, 25-30 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos woodii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 6 m tall, 30-50 cm diam; 50-150 leaves in crown. <P><I>Leaves</I> 150-250 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 120&#176; on rachis), with 70-150 leaflets; rachis green, straight, stiff, slightly twisted in some leaves; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles, spine-free for 15 cm, 10-16 mm wide at lowest leaflet; leaf-base collar not clear; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate, strongly discolorous, overlapping upwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 13-15 cm long, 20-30 mm wide. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> 40 mm long. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-6, ovoid, yellow, 20-40 cm long, 15-25 cm diam. Microsporophyll lamina 50-70 mm long, 25-50 mm wide. Description:

Encephalartos aplanatus <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; 2-8 leaves in crown. <P><I>Leaves</I> 350 cm long, dark green, highly glossy, slightly keeled to flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 150-180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, gently curved, somewhat lax, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles, spine-free for 20 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear or lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins incurved (often twisted or undulate); upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 30 cm long, 40 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, fusiform, yellow, 60 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, yellow, 40 cm long, 12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> flattened-ovoid, 25 mm long, 13-15 mm wide, sarcotesta red. Description:

Encephalartos brevifoliolatus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2.5 m tall, 25-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 80-120 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 135&#176; on rachis); rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with no prickles, spine-free for 9-20 cm; leaf-base collar not clear; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, overlapping downwards, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;) or acute (less than 45&#176;); margins flat, or incurved; upper margin entire (no teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 6-8 cm long, 10-12 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, fusiform, 35 cm long, 6-7 cm diam. Description:

Encephalartos delucanus <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.12 m tall, 10-20 cm diam; 6-9 leaves in crown. <P><I>Leaves</I> 50-65 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 70-75&#176; on rachis), with 50-75 leaflets; rachis green, straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles, spine-free for 4.5 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear or lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 13-15 cm long, 11-14 mm wide. <P>Pollen cones fusiform, green, 10-12 cm long, 2-3 cm diam. Description:

Encephalartos macrostrobilus <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent; stem 2.5 m tall, 30-45 cm diam; 35-60 leaves in crown. <P><I>Leaves</I> 190-220 cm long, dark green, semiglossy, flat (not keeled) in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 180&#176; on rachis); rachis green, straight, stiff or straight with last third sharply recurved, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 1-6 prickles, spine-free for 12-15 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle horizontal; margins flat; upper margin heavily toothed (more than 3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth); median leaflets 19-25 cm long, 25-30 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 6-14, narrowly ovoid, green, 18-20 cm long, 4.5-5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 3, ovoid, green, 80 cm long, 30 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 32-36 mm long, 19-22 mm wide, sarcotesta orange. Description:

Encephalartos schaijesii <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent; stem 0.11-0.25 m tall, 20-33 cm diam; 6-13 leaves in crown. <P><I>Leaves</I> 75-120 cm long, blue green, dull, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 70-80&#176; on rachis), with 96-117 leaflets; rachis yellowish, straight, stiff, not spirally twisted; petiole straight, with 6-12 prickles, spine-free for 20 cm; leaf-base collar not present; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate, strongly discolorous, not overlapping, not lobed, insertion angle obtuse (45-80&#176;); margins flat; upper margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); lower margin entire (no teeth), or lightly toothed (1-3 teeth); median leaflets 12-17 cm long, 14-18 mm wide. <P>Pollen cones narrowly ovoid, 15-17 cm long, 4-4.5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, ovoid, 29 cm long, 15 cm diam. Description:

Lepidozamia hopei <P><I>Stem</I> erect, to 17 m tall, to 50 cm in diameter, smooth (not clad with persistent leaf bases) and pale yellow brown. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> soft, grey-white. <P><I>Leaves</I> numerous, to 100 in the crown, 200-300 cm long; petiole 30-60 cm long, smooth. <P><I>Leaflets</I> 160-200, spreading and somewhat lax, softly coriaceous, dark green and highly glossy, 20-40 cm long, 15-30 mm wide, with 15-30 parallel veins; stomata on the undersurface only. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cylindrical, 25-40 cm long, 8-14 cm in diameter, the sporophylls cuneate, to 30 mm long, 25 mm wide. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 40-60 cm long, 20-30 cm in diameter, sporophylls 5-8 cm long, apically 3.5-6.5 cm wide and 1.5-4 cm high. <P><I>Seeds</I> 4-7 cm long, 30-45 mm diam.; sarcotesta red. Description:

Lepidozamia peroffskyana <P><I>Stem</I> erect, to 4 (rarely 7) m tall, to 80 cm in diameter, usually clad with persistent leaf bases. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> soft, grey-white. <P><I>Leaves</I> numerous, to 150 in the crown, 150-300 cm long, petiole 30-60 cm long, smooth. <P><I>Leaflets</I> 150-250, spreading and somewhat lax, softly coriaceous, dark green and highly glossy, 20-40 cm long, 5-13 mm wide, with 7-13 parallel veins; stomata on both sides, mainly on the abaxial surface. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cylindrical, 45-75 cm long, 12-19 cm in diameter, the sporophylls cuneate, to 50 mm long, 30 mm wide. <P><I>Seed cones</I> cylindrical, 40-90 cm long, 12-25 cm in diameter, on a peduncle 15-20 cm long, 30-35 mm in diameter, the sporophylls 5-7 cm long, apically 4-8 cm wide and 2-3 cm high. <P><I>Seeds</I> 4-6 cm long, 25-30 mm diam.; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia cardiacensis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent or arborescent (less commonly), stem 0-0.4 m tall, 20-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 10-20 in crown, deep green, highly glossy, 150-200 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 100-140 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 30-40 cm long, straight, spinescent, 13-20 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 230-310 mm long, 9-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 35-40 cm long, 6.5-8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 22-32 mm long, 10-15 mm wide; apical spine 2-30 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 32-36 cm long, 11-14 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 35 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 45 mm wide, 25 mm high; apical spine 7-48 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 22-35 mm long, 12-20 mm wide; sarcotesta orange to red. Description:

Macrozamia communis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent or arborescent (rarely), stem 0-1.5 m tall, 40-90 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 50-150 in crown, deep green, semiglossy, 140-250 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 70-150 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 12-40 cm long, straight, spinescent, 10-16 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 160-360 mm long, 8-13 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, 25-45 cm long, 8-12 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 20-40 mm long, 15-25 mm wide; apical spine 5-50 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 20-45 cm long, 10-20 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 40-70 mm long, stipe 30-45 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 30-85 mm wide, 15-43 mm high; apical spine 8-80 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> flattened-ovoid, 30-45 mm long, 20-30 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia conferta <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 9-15 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-5 in crown, bright green, highly glossy to semiglossy, 35-60 cm long, strongly to moderately keeled, with 90-160 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 7-21 cm long, straight to recurved, unarmed, 7-12 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins incurved; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 6-30 mm long, 2-6 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 7-18 cm long, 2.5-4 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 9-17 mm long, 7-16 mm wide; apical spine 0-5 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 6-12 cm long, 3.5-6 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 1.7-2 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 2.4-3.2 mm wide, 0.6-1.2 mm high; apical spine 0-10 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 20-25 mm long, 16-20 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia cranei <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 7-12 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-5 in crown, grey-green, semiglossy, 70-90 cm long, moderately keeled, with 100-150 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 15-30 cm long, straight, unarmed, 7-12 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat, or incurved (slightly); apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 70-300 mm long, 2-7 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 8-22 cm long, 2.5-5.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 15-20 mm long, 13-20 mm wide; apical spine 0-10 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 8-14 cm long, 4.5-6.5 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 17-25 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 20-40 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 0-10 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 20-25 mm long, 18-22 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia crassifolia <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-5 in crown, bright green to deep green, highly glossy, 50-110 cm long, moderately keeled, with 104-172 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 5-26 cm long, straight, unarmed, 7-20 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins incurved; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 150-550 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 10-16 cm long, 3-4.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 17-22 mm long, 13-16 mm wide; apical spine 0-13 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 11-15 cm long, 6-8 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 16-23 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 25-35 mm wide, 12-15 mm high; apical spine 0-4 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 19-26 mm long, 18-22 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia diplomera <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 20-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 12-50 in crown, bright green, semiglossy, 60-120 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 70-120 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, stiff to straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 10-20 cm long, straight, spinescent, 8-12 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple or dichotomously branched, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 130-210 mm long, 5-8 mm wide (ultimate segments 2-5). <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 20-29 cm long, 6-7 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 23-25 mm long, 21-24 mm wide; apical spine 2-23 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 15-18 cm long, 11-12 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 32-35 mm long, stipe 22-24 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-45 mm wide, 12-18 mm high; apical spine 2-25 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 27-32 mm long, 20-24 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia douglasii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent, stem 0-0.6 m tall, 40-70 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 30-100 in crown, deep green, highly glossy, 160-340 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 120-200 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 45-65 cm long, straight, spinescent, 12-18 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 270-380 mm long, 7-12 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> not seen. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 40-50 cm long, 15-18 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 55-60 mm long, stipe 35 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 55-60 mm wide, 25-30 mm high; apical spine 5-28 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 36-40 mm long, 24-27 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, or red. Description:

Macrozamia dyeri <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent, stem 0.4-3 m tall, 50-120 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 70-150 in crown, grey-green, semiglossy, 180-240 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-120&#176; on rachis), with 70-100 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 26-63 cm long, straight, spinescent; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 330-455 mm long, 12.5-17 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 48-62 cm long, 10-14 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 32-44 mm long, 20-29 mm wide; apical spine 2-22 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 45-50 cm long, 15-20 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 50-60 mm wide, 30-40 mm high; apical spine 2-50 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 43-55 mm long, 28-36 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia elegans <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 15-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-10 in crown, grey-green, semiglossy, 110-150 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 150&#176; on rachis), with 90-140 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 20-35 cm long, straight, unarmed; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat to recurved (slightly); apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 220-310 mm long, 9-14 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid to fusiform, 16-32 cm long, 6-6.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 25 mm long, 23 mm wide; apical spine 0-10 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 24 cm long, 11.5 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 45-70 mm wide, 25-40 mm high; apical spine 20-55 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 30-32 mm long, 24-26 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia fawcettii <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-10 in crown, deep green, highly glossy, 40-120 cm long, moderately keeled, with 50-120 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 15-30 cm long, straight to recurved, unarmed, 6-11 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire or dentate, not spinescent; median leaflets 180-300 mm long, 8-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 10-25 cm long, 4-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 15-25 mm long, 10-20 mm wide; apical spine 1-18 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 12-23 cm long, 7-11 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 30-40 mm long, stipe 25-30 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-55 mm wide, 15-33 mm high; apical spine 3-25 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-30 mm long, 20-25 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia fearnsidei <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 15-35 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-12 in crown, bright green to deep green, highly glossy to semiglossy, 70-140 cm long, moderately keeled, with 55-120 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 15-40 cm long, straight to recurved, unarmed, 8-10 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins incurved; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 200-600 mm long, 6-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 15-27 cm long, 4.5-6.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 16-22 mm long, 15-20 mm wide; apical spine 0-13 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 12-18 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 10-15 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 17-27 mm wide, 10-15 mm high; apical spine 0-20 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 23-27 mm long, 19-23 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia flexuosa <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 8-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-6 in crown, bright green, highly glossy to semiglossy, 45-100 cm long, moderately keeled, with 80-150 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 20-35 cm long, straight, unarmed, 4-8 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins incurved (more or less); apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 170-300 mm long, 3-7 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 15 cm long, 4.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 15 mm long, 14 mm wide; apical spine 2-10 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 10-16 cm long, 7-11 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 40 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 55 mm wide, 20 mm high; apical spine 5-35 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 24-27 mm long, 19-23 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia fraseri <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent or acaulescent, stem 0-3 m tall, 40-70 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 30-100 in crown, grey-green, semiglossy, 137-270 cm long, moderately keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 90-150&#176; on rachis), with 112-174 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 18-55 cm long, straight, spinescent; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, concolorous to weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 185-340 mm long, 7.5-14 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 30-48 cm long, 10-14 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 25-50 mm long, 17-26 mm wide; apical spine 15-90 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 35-45 cm long, 15-17 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 45-60 mm wide, 25-35 mm high; apical spine 5-60 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 40-50 mm long, 25-30 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia glaucophylla <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 20-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-8 in crown, grey-green to blue, dull, 60-120 cm long, strongly to moderately keeled, with 90-120 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 12-25 cm long, straight, unarmed, 9-12 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple to dichotomously branched (usually), concolorous to weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 160-250 mm long, 4-7 mm wide (ultimate segments 3-5). <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 25 cm long, 5-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 20-22 mm long, 19-22 mm wide; apical spine 2-15 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 18-23 cm long, 9-11 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 40 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 50-60 mm wide, 20-30 mm high; apical spine 2-10 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 30-34 mm long, 24-26 mm wide. Description:

Macrozamia heteromera <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 15-25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-8 in crown, bright green, semiglossy to dull, 50-90 cm long, moderately keeled, with 60-100 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 15-20 cm long, straight, unarmed, 6-9 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> dichotomously branched, concolorous to weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 140-210 mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 14-21 cm long, 4.5-5.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 16-21 mm long, 12-19 mm wide; apical spine 1-10 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 12-17 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 26-31 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-50 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 2-25 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> flattened-ovoid, 26-31 mm long, 20-25 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia humilis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 18-28 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-7 in crown, bright green to deep green or grey-green, dull to semiglossy, 35-65 cm long, moderately keeled, with 60-90 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 9-16 cm long, straight, unarmed, 6-8 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple or dichotomously branched, weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 100-180 mm long, 4-7 mm wide (ultimate segments 2-3). <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 14-19 cm long, 4.5-5.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 14-20 mm long, 11-18 mm wide; apical spine 1-10 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 10-15 cm long, 6-8 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 25-31 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-50 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 2-25 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-31 mm long, 22-26 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia johnsonii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent, stem 0.3-3 m tall, 50-90 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 70-120 in crown, bright green, highly glossy, 150-300 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 150-250 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 2-8 cm long, straight, spinescent, 25-28 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 200-400 mm long, 5-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 25-40 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 18-30 mm long, 12-18 mm wide; apical spine 2-50 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 35-65 cm long, 13-18 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 50-70 mm long, stipe 50-70 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-60 mm wide, 20-30 mm high; apical spine 5-50 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> flattened-ovoid, 40-55 mm long, 25-30 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia lomandroides <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-17 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-6 in crown, bright green, semiglossy to dull, 30-80 cm long, moderately keeled, with 50-90 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 6-14 cm long, straight or recurved, unarmed, 10-14 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex dentate, not spinescent; median leaflets 200-300 mm long, 9-14 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 12-15 cm long, 4-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 12-18 mm long, 10-12 mm wide; apical spine 0-8 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 12-18 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; stipe 7-10 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 25-35 mm wide, 14-18 mm high; apical spine 0-30 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 22-26 mm long, 18-22 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia longispina <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent or arborescent (rarely), stem 0-0.3 m tall, 20-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 15-20 in crown, bright green, semiglossy to highly glossy, 100-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 48-66 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 40-50 cm long, straight, unarmed, 4-5 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 280-320 mm long, 4.5-6 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 8-15 cm long, 2.5-3.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 14-16 mm long, 10-13 mm wide; apical spine 1-20 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 13-14 cm long, 6-8 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 28-35 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 28-35 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 25-62 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 20-23 mm long, 15-16 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, or yellow. Description:

Macrozamia lucida <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 8-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-15 in crown, deep green, highly glossy, 70-120 cm long, slightly keeled to flat in section, with 50-120 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, straight, stiff or straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 25-50 cm long, straight, unarmed, 3-7 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 150-350 mm long, 7-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 12-15 cm long, 3.5-4 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 8-12 mm long, 8-11 mm wide; apical spine 0-12 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 15-20 cm long, 7.5-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 35-45 mm wide, 20-25 mm high; apical spine 6-50 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 22-25 mm long, 18-20 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia macdonnellii <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent, stem 0.4-3 m tall, 60-80 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 50-120 in crown, blue, dull, 150-220 cm long, moderately keeled, with 120-170 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 12-25 cm long, straight, spinescent, 15-25 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, concolorous to weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 200-300 mm long, 7-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 25-40 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 30-40 mm long, 15-20 mm wide; apical spine 0-25 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 40-50 cm long, 20-27 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 70-100 mm long, stipe 50-70 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 80-125 mm wide, 40-60 mm high; apical spine 0-20 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 60-80 mm long, 40-53 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, or orange-brown. Description:

Macrozamia machinii <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 20-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-8 in crown, grey-green, semiglossy, 60-90 cm long, moderately keeled, with 80-140 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 13-21 cm long, straight or recurved, unarmed, 9-14 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat, or incurved (slightly); apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 80-320 mm long, 2.5-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 8-20 cm long, 4-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 15-24 mm long, 12-24 mm wide; apical spine 0-14 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 8-22 cm long, 5-9 cm diam.; stipe 20-25 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 25-50 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 0-20 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 20-34 mm long, 20-24 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia macleayi <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent or arborescent, stem 0-0.4 m tall, 30-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 40-70 in crown, deep green, highly glossy, 150-210 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 120-150 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted; petiole 50-60 cm long (10-15 cm spine-free), spinescent, 12-16 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 30-40 mm long, 6-9 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> not seen. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 20-25 cm long, 9-10 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 45-60 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 10-42 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> flattened-ovoid, 28-32 mm long, 22-25 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, or red. Description:

Macrozamia miquelii <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 20-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 30-80 in crown, deep green, highly glossy, 80-180 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 80-160 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 20-40 cm long (5-10 cm spine-free), straight, spinescent, 10-18 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 220-380 mm long, 7-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 13-20 cm long, 4.5-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 17-20 mm long, 9-13 mm wide; apical spine 1-25 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 22-30 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-50 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 0-35 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25-35 mm long, 20-25 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, or red. Description:

Macrozamia montana <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent or arborescent (sometimes), stem 0-0.6 m tall, 25-45 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 20-70 in crown, deep green, semiglossy to highly glossy, 100-205 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 70-140 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 6-15 cm long, straight, spinescent, 10-20 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 200-350 mm long, 7-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 35-40 cm long, 6-8 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 23-27 mm long, 22-26 mm wide; apical spine 5-60 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 24-34 cm long, 12-14 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 45-70 mm wide, 25-40 mm high; apical spine 20-110 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 33-42 mm long, 25-30 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia moorei <P><I>Plants</I> arborescent, stem 2-7 m tall, 50-80 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 100-120 in crown, deep green to grey-green, semiglossy to dull, 10-250 cm long, moderately keeled, with 120-220 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 2-10 cm long, straight, spinescent, 22-30 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 200-350 mm long, 5-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 30-45 cm long, 10-19 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 25-35 mm long, 15-20 mm wide; apical spine 2-25 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 40-80 cm long, 14-19 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 60-70 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-70 mm wide, 20-30 mm high; apical spine 2-70 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 40-60 mm long, 30-40 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia mountperriensis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 25-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 35-80 in crown, bright green to deep green, highly glossy, 90-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 50-110 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 30-75 cm long, straight, unarmed, 5-7 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 240-350 mm long, 5-9 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 17-23 cm long, 3.5-4 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 13 mm long, 11 mm wide; apical spine 0-15 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 18-23 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 35 mm long, stipe 22 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 35-40 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 6-35 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> oblong, 25 mm long, 16 mm wide; sarcotesta orange, or yellow. Description:

Macrozamia concinna <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 8-15 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-5 in crown, deep green, semiglossy, 50-90 cm long, strongly to moderately keeled, with 80-120 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 9-24 cm long, straight, unarmed, 4-7 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat, or incurved (slightly); apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 140-210 mm long, 4-6 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 14-22 cm long, 4-4.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 16-20 mm long, 14-17 mm wide; apical spine 0-13 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 13-15 cm long, 7-8 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 25-30 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-45 mm wide, 10-15 mm high; apical spine 2-30 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 21-26 mm long, 18-24 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia occidua <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-5 in crown, deep green to grey-green, semiglossy, 40-75 cm long, moderately keeled, with 80-120 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 10-25 cm long, straight or recurved, unarmed, 6-10 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat, or incurved (slightly); apex entire to dentate, not spinescent; median leaflets 60-200 mm long, 4-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 10-24 cm long, 3.5-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 15-25 mm long, 10-17 mm wide; apical spine 0-5 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 10-14 cm long, 5-8 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 20-25 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 20-30 mm wide, 10-13 mm high; apical spine 3-20 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 18-25 mm long, 15-22 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia parcifolia <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-4 in crown, bright green, highly glossy, 65-95 cm long, with 100-220 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 15-30 cm long, straight, unarmed, 6-9 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins incurved; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 150-400 mm long, 1-3 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 7-14 cm long, 2.5-4 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 12-18 mm long, 12-17 mm wide; apical spine 0-15 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 8-14 cm long, 4-6 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 15-20 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 20-27 mm wide, 10-14 mm high; apical spine 0-28 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 17-25 mm long, 15-20 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia pauliguiliemi <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-6 in crown, bright green, highly glossy, 60-90 cm long, moderately to slightly keeled, with 130-190 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 12-20 cm long, straight, unarmed, 7-9 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins incurved; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 150-400 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 8-14 cm long, 3.5-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 14-18 mm long, 8-11 mm wide; apical spine 0-8 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 9-12 cm long, 5-6.5 cm diam.; stipe 15-22 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 25-30 mm wide, 10-14 mm high; apical spine 2-25 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 20-25 mm long, 15-20 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia platyrachis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 25-60 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-8 in crown, bright green, highly glossy to semiglossy, 45-80 cm long, moderately keeled, with 36-60 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 15-25 cm long, straight or recurved, unarmed, 13-18 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex dentate, not spinescent; median leaflets 250-400 mm long, 12-20 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 15-20 cm long, 4-4.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 18-21 mm long, 16-19 mm wide; apical spine 0-8 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 12-17 cm long, 8-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-50 mm wide, 20-30 mm high; apical spine 1-13 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-30 mm long, 20-25 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia plurinervia <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 20-30 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-7 in crown, deep green to grey-green, semiglossy, 85-115 cm long, moderately keeled, with 110-180 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 12-20 cm long, straight, unarmed, 7-11 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat, or incurved (slightly); apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 100-300 mm long, 4-9 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 18-28 cm long, 4-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 18-23 mm long, 15-18 mm wide; apical spine 0-15 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 15-23 cm long, 6-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 30-40 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 35-45 mm wide, 10-15 mm high; apical spine 5-25 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 23-30 mm long, 23-26 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia polymorpha <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-7 in crown, bright green, semiglossy, 50-100 cm long, strongly to moderately keeled, with 70-110 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 12-22 cm long, straight, unarmed, 7-10 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple or dichotomously branched, concolorous or weakly discolorous; margins flat to recurved (slightly); apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 120-260 mm long, 5-9 mm wide (ultimate segments 3-5). <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 16-25 cm long, 4.5-5.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 16-24 mm long, 13-19 mm wide; apical spine 2-15 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 13-20 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 35-45 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 45-50 mm wide, 15-20 mm high; apical spine 2-30 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 26-30 mm long, 22-25 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia reducta <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent or arborescent (rarely), stem 0-0.4 m tall, 20-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 12-40 in crown, bright green to deep green, semiglossy, 70-150 cm long, flat (not keeled) in section, with 75-120 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, stiff or straight, lax and pendulous; petiole 13-30 cm long, straight, spinescent, 8-20 mm wide at lowest leaflets; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 160-320 mm long, 5-9 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 25-33 cm long, 6.5-7.5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 28-33 mm long, 17-22 mm wide; apical spine 2-25 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 16-23 cm long, 9-12 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-65 mm wide, 15-25 mm high; apical spine 5-70 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 24-30 mm long, 20-26 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia riedlei <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent or arborescent (rarely), stem 0-0.3 m tall, 25-40 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 12-30 in crown, bright green to deep green, semiglossy to highly glossy, 121-220 cm long, slightly keeled to flat in section (opposing leaflets inserted at 130-180&#176; on rachis), with 92-150 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted, straight, stiff; petiole 18-50 cm long, straight, spinescent; basal leaflets reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, weakly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, spinescent; median leaflets 230-480 mm long, 7.5-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 29-41 cm long, 11-15 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 32-50 mm long, 25-33 mm wide; apical spine 8-75 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 25-35 cm long, 14-18 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 80 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 70 mm wide, 23 mm high. Description:

Macrozamia secunda <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 8-15 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-8 in crown, grey-green or blue, semiglossy or dull, 40-80 cm long, strongly keeled (opposing leaflets inserted at 30-90&#176; on rachis) with 80-170 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 5-15 cm long, straight, unarmed, 5-9 mm wide at lowest leaflet; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat, or recurved; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 80-200 mm long, 3-8 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 15-20 cm long, 4-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 15-25 mm long, 15-20 mm wide; apical spine 0-10 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 15-25 cm long, 7-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 30-40 mm long, stipe 25-30 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 35-60 mm wide, 15-30 mm high; apical spine 2-33 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 20-35 mm long, 17-25 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia spiralis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 8-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-12 in crown, grey-green, semiglossy, 50-100 cm long, moderately keeled, with 45-120 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 15-40 cm long, straight, unarmed, 4-8 mm wide at lowest leaflet; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat, or recurved (slightly); apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 120-200 mm long, 5-10 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 15-20 cm long, 5-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 20-30 mm long, 15-22 mm wide; apical spine 0-15 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 12-20 cm long, 6-9 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 30-40 mm long, stipe 25-30 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 35-55 mm wide, 15-25 mm high; apical spine 2-30 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 25-30 mm long, 20-25 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia stenomera <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-25 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-7 in crown, grey-green or blue, semiglossy, 40-90 cm long, moderately keeled, with 70-120 leaflets; rachis not spirally twisted to moderately spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 7-15 cm long, straight, unarmed, 4-9 mm wide at lowest leaflet; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> dichotomously branched, strongly discolorous; margins recurved; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 80-200 mm long, 1-4 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> narrowly ovoid, 15-20 cm long, 5-6 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 17-22 mm long, 12-16 mm wide; apical spine 1-14 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 10-18 cm long, 6-10 cm diam.; megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 40-50 mm wide, 10-15 mm high; apical spine 2-15 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 26-30 mm long, 18-21 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Macrozamia viridis <P><I>Plants</I> acaulescent, stem 10-20 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-8 in crown, bright green or deep green, semiglossy or highly glossy, 35-60 cm long, with 80-160 leaflets; rachis strongly spirally twisted, straight, stiff or recurved, arching stiffly downwards; petiole 9-21 cm long, straight or recurved, unarmed, 8-14 mm wide at lowest leaflet; basal leaflets not reducing to spines. <P><I>Leaflets</I> simple, strongly discolorous; margins flat; apex entire, not spinescent; median leaflets 70-200 mm long, 3-11 mm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> fusiform, 9-18 cm long, 3.5-5 cm diam.; microsporophyll lamina 15-20 mm long, 12-18 mm wide; apical spine 0-15 mm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> ovoid, 8-14 cm long, 5.5-7 cm diam.; megasporophyll lamina 20-25 mm long, megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex 30-50 mm wide, 10-15 mm high; apical spine 0-15 mm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 20-24 mm long, 17-23 mm wide; sarcotesta red. Description:

Microcycas calocoma <P><I>Stems</I> arborescent, to 10 m, tall, 60 cm diam. at base. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> to 12 cm long, grey-pilose. <P><I>Leaves</I> 10-50, 0.6-1.2 m long, appearing apically truncate; petiole 0.08- 0.1 m long, not prickled; rachis bearing 50-80 pairs of leaflets, not prickled. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear lanceolate, margin entire, attenuate basally, acute apically, median ones 15-25 cm long and 0.8-1.0 cm wide, reflexed below the plane of the rachis. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1, cylindrical, shortly pedunculate, yellowish brown, 25-30 cm long and 5-8 cm in diameter, peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> broadly cylindrical, shortly pedunculate, yellowish brown, 50-90 cm long and 13-16 cm in diameter, peduncle 2-4 cm long. Sporophylls with two rounded apical protuberances. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 3.5-4 cm long, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, sarcotesta pink to red. <P><B>2n = 16</B> Description:

Stangeria eriopus <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuber-like. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> absent. <P><I>Leaves</I> 0.3-2 m long, bright to dark green, dull, fern-like (with an erect petiole and arching rachis to give a horizontal leaf blade), pinnate; petiole round, spine-free, 10-80 cm long. <P><I>Leaflets</I> 20-100, soft but somewhat coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong, acute or rounded, entire, dentate or lobed, 8-40 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> solitary, long-pedunculate, cylindrical, grey to light yellow, 10-25 cm long, 3-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> solitary, long-pedunculate, ovoid, grey to light yellow, 8-30 cm long, 6-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, 30-35 mm long, 20-25 mm diam,; sarcotesta purple-red <P><B>2n = 16</B>. Description:

Zamia amazonum <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, 3-8 cm in diameter. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangualr basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3-8 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-6, 0.5-2.5 m long, oval to elliptic; petiole 0.5-1 m long, armed with small to stout branched prickles; rachis 0.5-1 m long, with 6-12 subopposite pairs of leaflets, armed with prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> chartaceous to papyraceous, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate at apex, denticulate in upper half, 15-20 cm long, 2-4 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, cylindrical, brown, 6-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter; peduncle 8-15 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> usually solitary, dark red-brown, 10-15 cm long, 3-5 cm in diameter; peduncle 5-8 cm long. <I>Seeds</I> with a red outer fleshy layer, ovoid, 1 cm long, 0.5 cm in diameter. Description:

Zamia acuminata <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, subglobose to cylindrical, rarely to 30 cm tall to 5 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-5, to 1 m long; petiole to 60 cm, densely prickled; rachis with 6-15 pairs of leaflets, some prickles in lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic-lanceolate, subcoriaceous, cuneate basally, very long acuminate apically, margins entire, the larger median ones 20-30 cm long, 1-3 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical, 5-8 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> cylindical to ovoid, cream to tan, 10-20 cm long, 5-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, red. <P><B>2n = 24</B>. Description:

Zamia amplifolia <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 2.5 m tall. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, lanceolate apically, 2-3 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-6, 1-2 m long; petiole 0.5-1 m long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 6-10 pairs of leaflets, occasionally with a few prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic, grooved between the veins on the adaxial surface, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins entire, the median ones 30-50 cm long, 12-15 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical to elongate-cylindrical, 8-12 cm long, 1-2 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brown, short pedunculate, cylindical to ovoid cylindrical, 20-40 (50) cm long, 8-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 18</B>. Description:

Zamia amblyphyllidia <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 3-25 cm in diameter, often dichotomously branched, wrinkled [smooth] and devoid of old leaf bases. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> alternating from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> generally few, 2-15; petioles with stipules, smooth; rachis bearing 5-30 pairs of opposite to subopposite leaflets, smooth. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong to broadly obovate, 12-25 cm long and 1.5-3 cm wide, sessile, rounded and often notched apically, with 10-15 indistinct teeth in upper fourth. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> pedunculate, 1-30, cylindrical but gradually tapering towards acute apex, each 6-20 cm long and 1-3 cm in diameter, densely pubescent. <P><I>Seed cones</I> dark brown, usually solitary but occasionally up to 3, emerging from center of leaf crown, cylindrical ovoid with long gradually tapering blunt sterile apex, 6-15 cm long and 4-6 cm in diameter. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a bright red sarcotesta, ovoid, 1-2 cm long. <P><B>2n = 16</B>. Description:

Zamia angustifolia <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, often dichotomously branched, wrinkled and devoid of old leaf bases. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> generally few 2-10; petioles with stipules, smooth; rachis bearing 5-30 pairs of opposite to subopposite leaflets, smooth. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear 8-25 cm long and 0.2-0.5 cm wide, rounded apically, with 1-3 indistinct teeth at the apex. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> pedunculate, dark grey to black, 1-10, cylindrical but gradually tapering towards acute apex, each 3-15 cm long and 0.8-2 cm in diameter, densely pubescent. <P><I>Seed cones</I> dark grey or dark brown to black, usually solitary but occasionally up to 3, cylindrical to slightly ovoid with blunt or slightly acute apex, each 6-12 cm long and 4-5 cm in diameter, densely pubescent. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red to orange-red sarcotesta, ovoid, 1-2 cm long. <P><B>2n = 16</B>. Description:

Zamia boliviana <P><I>Stems</I> subterranean and tuberous, 3-10 cm in diameter. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-5, 0.3-0.7 m long, smooth. <P><I>Rachis</I> bearing 5-20 pairs of opposite to subopposite leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear lanceolate to lanceolate, 12-25 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm wide, margin entire and strongly revolute (rarely with 2-10 indistinct teeth in the upper third, somewhat pungent apically. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> usually solitary, cylindrical, slender, pedunculate, tan to brown, 0.5-1.5 cm long and 0.6-0.8 cm in diameter, peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> oblong, acuminate apically, pedunculate, brown, 12-15 cm long and 3-5 cm in diameter, peduncle 8-10 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red to orange-red sarcotesta, ovoid, 1-2 cm long. Description:

Zamia chigua <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 2 m tall and 15 cm diam, wrinkled in appearance. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, lanceolate apically, 3-6 cm long, 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-15, 0.5 - 3 m long; petiole to 1 m long, very densely prickled; rachis with 30-80 (less in juvenile plants) pairs of imbricate leaflets, densely prickled in lower half. <P><I>Leaflets</I> imbricate, long-lanceolate and subfalcate, chartaceous to membranous, margins entire, the larger median ones 10-30 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to light yellow, cylindrical, 10-20 cm long, 2-3 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> tan to light brown, narrowly ovoid to cylindrical, 20-30 cm long, 8-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> ovoid, red. <P><B>2n = 16</B>. Description:

Zamia disodon <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 5-8 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-4, erect or slightly recurved, oblong, 50 cm long; petiole terete, to 25 cm long, sparsely armed with small prickles; rachis terete, usually unarmed, to 25 cm long, 3-5 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> membranaceous, elliptic, subfalcate, acute at apex, the median ones 12-20 cm long, 6-10 cm wide, margins serrate and always with some doubly serrate teeth near the apex. <P><I>Cones</I> unknown. Description:

Zamia cunaria <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, subglobose, to 10 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> of two forms either ovate and 3-4 cm long and 4-5 cm wide, or acicular and 7-10 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1(-3), 0.5-1.5 m long; petiole 15-50 cm long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 3-12 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong or oblanceolate, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins serrate in upper third, the larger median ones 20-40 cm long, 5-8 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I>cream to tan, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 4-6 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam.; peduncle 2-4 cm long; microsporophylls with sterile tip composed of six steeply inclined facets surrounding a centrally depressed terminal facet, sporangia present on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the fertile region. <P><I>Seed cones</I> wine red to dark red-brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 15-20 cm long, 5-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> pink to light red, 1.5-2 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 23, 24</B>. Description:

Zamia dressleri <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, 3-5 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> ovate, 1-2 cm long, 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> usually solitary (2-3), 0.5-1.5 m long; petiole 0.3-1 m long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 2-5 pairs of leaflets, occasionally with a few prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic, grooved between the veins on the adaxial surface, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins serrate in upper third, the larger median ones 30-50 cm long, 12-15 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical to elongate-cylindrical, 5-8 cm long, 1-2 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> wine-red to dark red-brown, short pedunculate, ovoid cylindrical, 10-15 cm long, 3-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm diam. Description:

Zamia cremnophila <P><I>Stem</I> hypogeous, erect to decumbent, 10-50 cm long and 5-10 cm in diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3.5-5 cm long, 1.3-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-6, pendant, 0.3-2.5 m long; petiole 0.1-0.8 m, densely prickled, prickles often branched; rachis with 15-30 pairs of leaflets, prickled in lower half. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear-lanceolate to oblong, purplish-red when young, turning green at maturity, imbricate, cuneate basally, acute apically, margins regularly toothed in upper half, median ones 10-40 cm long, 2-5 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> tan to light brown, cylindrical, 6-8 cm long, 2-3 cm diam.; peduncle 1-2 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brown, cylindrical, abruptly acuminate apically, 8-10 cm long, 5-6 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 16</B>. Description:

Zamia encephalartoides <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 2 m tall and 25 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> cuneate basally and acuminate apically, to 2 cm wide and 5 cm long. <P><I>Leaves</I> 10-15, .5-1 m long; petiole smooth, 15-25 cm long; rachis smooth, with 20-40 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> imbricate, lanceolate, cuneate basally, acute apically, margins entire and strongly revolute, the median ones 20-30 cm long, 1-3 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, long cylindric, 20-30 cm long, 3-5 cm diam.; peduncle 5-8 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> dark green, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, 25-40 cm long, 10-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> white to cream, 3-4 cm long, 1.5-2 cm diam. Description:

Zamia fairchildiana <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, 0.5-1 m tall, 6-15 cm diam. <P> <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-10, O.7-2 (2.5) m long; petiole densely prickled, 0.3-0.5 (0.8) m long; rachis with prickles in lower third, 10-30 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong, subfalcate basally, acute apically, sparsely serrulate apically, the larger median ones 20-40 cm long, 2-4 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to yellow, cylindrical, 10-40 cm long, 2-5 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> yellow-green to light brown, cylindrical 20-30 cm long, 6-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm long. Description:

Zamia fischeri <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, subglobose, 2-8 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> ovate, 1-1.5 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-8, 15-30 cm long; petiole 5-10 cm long, without prickles; rachis with 5-9 (12) pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> papyraceous, lanceolate, attenuate basally, acute apically, margins with numerous serrations in the upper half, the larger median leaflets 3-5 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> tan, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, obtuse apically, 5-7 cm long, 1-2 cm diam.; peduncle 1.5-2.5 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> greenish-gray to gray, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, acuminate apically, 8-12 cm long, 4-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, 1.3-1.8 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 16</B> Description:

Zamia furfuracea <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean to shortly epigeous in older plants to decumbent in cliff dwelling plants, globose to cylindrical, to 20 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> broadly expanded basally, lanceolate and acuminate apically, 4-5 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. or acicular and 7-10 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 6-30(40), 0.5-1.5 m long; petiole 15-30 cm long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 6-12 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong or oblanceolate to obovate, cuneate basally, broadly acute to blunt apically, strongly to extremely coriaceous, densely pubescent (especially adaxially) when mature, margins serrate in upper third, the larger median ones 8-20 cm long, 3-5 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-6, tan to brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, acute apically, 8-12 (15) cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm diam.; peduncle 2-6 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> tan to dark brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, acute apically, 10-20(25) cm long, 5-78 cm diam.; peduncle 15-20 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, 0.7-1 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 18</B>. Description:

Zamia gentryi <P><I>Stems</I> up to 1.5 m long, generally prostrate when terrestrial or u-shaped when epiphytic, 5-15 cm diam., smooth. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> up to 12 cm long and of two forms either elongate triangular or with a long acuminate apex. <P><I>Leaves</I> 5-9, 0.5-2.5 m long; petiole 45-90 cm long, very densely prickled; rachis with 15-25 (less in juvenile plants) pairs leaflets, densely prickled in lower half. <P><I>Leaflets</I> long-lanceolate and subfalcate, chartaceous to membranous, margins entire, attenuate basally, acute apically, the larger median ones 10-40 cm long, 3.5-6 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-7, wine-red, cylindrical, 30-40 cm long, 3-4 cm diam.; peduncle 20-25 cm long, decumbent. <P><I>Seed cones</I> singular, red-brown, narrowly ovoid to cylindrical, 20-30 cm long, 8-12 cm diam., peduncle short. <P><I>Seeds</I> obovoid, 3.5 cm long, 1.7 cm diam., pink to red. Description:

Zamia herrerae <P><I>Stems</I> subterranean and tuberous, 3-10 cm in diameter. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-6, 0.5-1.5 m long; petiole 0.2- 0.7 m long, sparsely prickled; rachis bearing 10-30 pairs of leaflets, sparsley prickled. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear lanceolate, margin toothed in upper half with teeth widely spaced, attenuate basally, acute apically, median ones 12-25 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, cylindrical, slender, pedunculate, tan to brown, 0.5-1.5 cm long and 0.6-0.8 cm in diameter, peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> oblong, acute apically, pedunculate, brown, 12-15 cm long and 3-5 cm in diameter, peduncle 8-10 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red, ovoid, 1-2 cm long. Description:

Zamia hymenophyllidia <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 2-4 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, membranaceous, 2-3 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-5, erect, oblong, 30-70 cm long; petiole terete, to 35 cm long, armed with very small prickles; rachis terete, usually unarmed, to 20-35 cm long, 4-10 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> membranaceous, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate apically, cuneate to oblique basally, margins entire or rarely with a few diminutive apical teeth, 12-15 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> brown, ovoid, 1-3 cm long, 0.1-0.3 cm diam.; peduncle 10-30 cm long; microsporophylls with both abaxial and a few (1-3) adaxial sporangia. <P><I>Seed cones</I> dark red-brown, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, to 5 cm long, 3-4 cm diam; peduncle to 15 cm long, 0.5 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red orange-red, 1-1.2 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. Description:

Zamia integrifolia <P><I>Stems</I> subterranean and tuberous, 3-10 [25] cm in diameter, often dichotomously branched, wrinkled. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-15; petioles with stipules, smooth; rachis smooth, bearing 5-30 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong, rounded apically, with 10-15 indistinct teeth in upper fourth, median ones 8-25 cm long and 0.5-2 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-30, pedunculate, dark reddish brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, apex acute, 3-15 cm long and 0.8-2 cm in diameter. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, pedunculate, dark reddish brown sometimes becoming gray when mature, cylindrical to slightly ovoid with blunt or slightly acute apex, 6-15 cm long and 4-6 cm in diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red to orange-red, ovoid, 1-2 cm long. <P><B>2n = 16</B> Description:

Zamia inermis <P><I>Stem</I> hypogeous when young becoming epigeous and up to 30 cm tall when mature, 10-25 cm in diam., succulent, often dichotomously branched. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular-lanceolate, 4-6 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 10-25, stiffly erect, 0.3-1 m long; petiole 8-25 cm long, smooth; rachis smooth with 12-20 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear-lanceolate, attenuate basally, acute and pungent apically, strongly to extremely coriaceous, often adaxially concave, margins entire, the larger median ones 20-30 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-6, tan to light brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, acute apically, 8-18 cm long, 2.5-3 cm diam.; peduncle 3-6 cm long, 1 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-3, tan to light brown, cylindrical, acute to blunt apically, tomentose when young becoming more or less glabrous at maturity, 12-20 cm long, 8-10 cm diam.; peduncle 3-5 cm long, 2-2.5 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> green when young, brown when mature, ovoid, 1.5-2 cm long, 1-1.5 diam. <P><B>2n = 16.</B> Description:

Zamia lacandona <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 4-8 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> of two forms, either elongate triangular, 2.8-6.3 cm long and .4-1.2 cm wide; or triangular basally and aristate apically, 7-10 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-2, reddish to purplish-brown when young becoming green with age, recurved, ovate, 0.3-1 m long; petiole terete, to 20-70 cm long, armed with prickles in lower 3/4; rachis terete, unarmed, to 30 cm long, 7-12 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> chartaceous to subcoriaceous, linear-lanceolate to slightly obovate, subfalcate upwardly, acuminate apically, margins denticulate in upper half, the median ones 13-42 cm long, 1.5-6 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, decumbent, cylindrical to ovoid, light brown to dark beige, 6.5-7.5 cm long, 1.8-2.5 cm in diameter, apiculate apically; peduncle 10-12 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> cylindrical, brown, 12-14 cm long, 6-7 cm in diameter, apiculate apically; peduncle 10-11 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, angular, 1.6-1.8 cm long, 1.4-1.6 cm in diameter. <P><B>2n = 16, 17, &amp; 18.</B> Description:

Zamia lecointei <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 5-8 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-4, erect or slightly curved, oblong, 1-2 m long; petiole terete, to 75 cm long, sparsely armed with stout prickles; rachis terete, usually unarmed, to 1 m long, 30-40 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> subcoriaceous to coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, subfalcate, long acuminate at apex, margins entire or rarely with 2-3 indistinct teeth near the apex of lower margin, the median ones 30-37 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, cylindrical, cream to light brown, 6-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter; peduncle 10-20 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> usually solitary, brown, 10-15 cm long, 3-5 cm in diameter; peduncle 5-8 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 3 cm long, 2 cm in diameter. <P><B>2n = 16.</B> Description:

Zamia melanorrhachis <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 5-8 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 2-5 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-5, erect, oblong, 50 cm long; petiole terete, to 25 cm long, dark purple to black when fresh, armed with very small prickles; rachis terete, usually armed with very small prickles in lower one-half, to 20-30 cm long, 4-10 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> papyraceous, lanceolate, acute at apex, cuneate at base, margins serrate in upper two-thirds, 12-15 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, ovoid, 1-3 cm long, 0.5-1 cm diam.; peduncle 30-50 cm long; microsporophylls with both abaxial and a few (1-3) adaxial sporangia. <P><I>Seed cones</I> wine-red to dark red-brown, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, 5-8 cm long, 3-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. Description:

Zamia montana <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, 0.5-1.5 m tall, 10-20 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, long acuminate apically, 3-5 cm long, 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-5, 1-2 m long; petiole with only a few prickles, 30-70 cm long; rachis with 8-12 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong-lanceolate, shallowly grooved between the veins of the upper surface, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins sparsely serrulate in upper third, the median ones 18-30 cm long, 3-7 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> tan, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 6-8 cm long, 1.5-2 cm diam.; peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brown, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, 20-30 cm long, 8-10 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. Description:

Zamia monticola <P><I>Stem</I> with a short trunk to 30 cm tall, 15-20 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 5-20, erect or slightly curved, oblong, 1-2 m long; petiole terete, 50-75 cm long, armed with stout prickles in lower half; rachis terete, armed with prickles in lower half, to 1 m long, 30-40 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> chartaceous to papyraceous, linear-lanceolate, subfalcate near the base, long acuminate and often strongly curved upwards at apex, margins serrulate only near the apex, the median ones 25-30 cm long, 4-6 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, cylindrical to oblong, cream to light brown, 12-20 cm long, 2-4 cm in diameter; peduncle 10-20 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> unknown. Description:

Zamia muricata <P><I>Stem</I> semi-hypogeous to slightly epigeous, to 15 cm tall, 3-8 cm in diameter. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3-8 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-6, 1-2 m long, oval to elliptic; petiole 0.5-1 m long, often with a shallow groove on the upper side, armed with small 1-2 mm long prickles on the lower side; rachis 0.5-1 m long, with 6-12 subopposite pairs of leaflets, rarely armed with prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> chartaceous to papyraceous, inequilateral, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate at apex, constricted at base and articulated with rachis by means of a callous ring of tissue, denticulate in upper half, 15-20 cm long, 2-4 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, cylindrical, cream to light brown, 6-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter; peduncle 10-20 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> usually solitary, brown, 10-15 cm long, 3-5 cm in diameter; peduncle 5-8 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red outer fleshy layer, ovoid, 3 cm long, 2 cm in diameter. <P><B>2n = 24</B>. Description:

Zamia ipetiensis <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, subglobose, to 10 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> ovate, 3-4 cm long, 4-5 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-3, 0.5-1.5 m long; petiole 15-50 cm long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 3-12 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins finely serrulate in the tip, the larger median ones 20-40 cm long, 5-8 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 4-6 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam.; peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Microsporophylls</I> with sterile tip composed of six steeply inclined facets surrounding a centrally depressed terminal facet, sporangia <P>present on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the fertile region. <P><I>Seed cones</I> wine red to dark red-brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 15-20 cm long, 5-7 cm diam. <P>Seeds</I> pink to light-red, 1.5-2 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 23 </B>(Caputo et al. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1513-1520. 1996).<B> Description:

Zamia loddigesii <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 5-12 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, acuminate apically, 3-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-6 (10), erect or slightly recurved, oblong, 0.4-1.5 m long; petiole terete, to 60 cm long, sparsely to heavily armed with prickles; rachis terete, rarely with a few prickles, to 1 m long, 10-20 (25) pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> subcoriaceous to coriaceous, linear-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, apex acute to obtuse to attenuate, margins distinct teeth in the upper third, the median ones 30-37 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 2-6, cylindrical, cream to light brown, 6-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter; peduncle 10-20 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> usually solitary, cylindrical to slightly ovoid, light-brown to brown, acuminate apically, 8-12 cm long, 3-5 cm in diameter; peduncle 4-10 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 3 cm long, 2 cm in diameter. <P><B>2n = 18.</B> Description:

Zamia manicata <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, globose to subcylindric, 5-10 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, long acuminate apically, 3-8 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-10, 0.5-2 m long; petiole 0.2-1 m long, slightly to densely prickled; rachis often with prickles in lower third, with 10-30 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> with distinct petiolule and abaxial gland-like collar at the juncture of the lamina, oblong to long-elliptic, margins serrate in upper third, cuneate basally, acute to acuminate apically, the larger median ones 15- 35 cm long, 3-7 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical, 4-6 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam.; peduncle 15-30 cm long. <P><I>Ovulate strobili</I> wine-red to dark red-brown, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, 10-15 cm long, 4-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 18.</B> Description:

Zamia neurophyllidia <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 60 cm tall, 6-12 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3-6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-10, 0.5-1 m long; petiole with numerous prickles, to 30 cm long; rachis with few prickles in lower third, with 6-10(12) pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic, grooved between the veins on the adaxial surface, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins serrulate in upper third, the larger median ones 12-20 cm long, 6-10 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical to elongate-cylindrical, 5-8 cm long, 1-2 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brown, short pedunculate, ovoid cylindrical, 10-15 cm long, 3-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 18 </B>(Caputo et al. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1513-1520. 1996). Description:

Zamia obliqua <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, 0.5-5 m tall, 5-12 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, long acuminate apically, 3-5 cm long, 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 5-20, 1-2.5 m long; petiole with numerous small prickles, 30-70 cm long; rachis with prickles in lower third, 10-20 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic to obovate, obliquely cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins serrulate in upper third, the median ones 5-10 cm long, 3-6 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 4-6 cm long, 1-1.5 cm diam.; peduncle 2-4 cm long; microsporophylls with sterile tip composed of six steeply inclined facets surrounding a centrally depressed terminal facet, sporangia present on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the fertile region. <P><I>Seed cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, 15-25 cm long, 5-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 18</B>. Description:

Zamia poeppigiana <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 4 m tall and 25 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> cuneate basally and acuminate apically, to 2 cm wide and 4 cm long. <P><I>Leaves </I>10-15, 1-3 m long; petiole with numerous small prickles, 30-70 cm long; rachis with prickles in lower third, 20-40 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> long-lanceolate, falcate basally, acuminate to acute apically, margins strongly serrate in upper third with serrations at nearly 90<SUP>o</SUP> and 0.5-1 cm apart, the median ones 15-40 cm long, 2-4 cm wide. <P><I>Polleniferous strobili</I> cream to tan, long cylindric, 20-30 cm long, 3-5 cm diam.; peduncle 5-8 cm long. <P><I>Microsporophylls</I> with sterile tip composed of six steeply inclined facets surrounding a centrally depressed terminal facet. <P><I>Ovulate strobili</I> tan to brown, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, 25-40 cm long, 10-15 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, oblong, distinctly flattened, 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 16</B> (Moretti, unpubl. data from Caputo et al. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 1513-1520. 1996). Description:

Zamia prasina <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean to epigeous to 10 cm diam. and 30 cm tall. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> ovate, 3-4 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-6, 0.5-1 m long; petiole 15-30 cm long, slightly grooved adaxially, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis smooth with 12-18 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong to oblanceolate, cuneate basally, acute to acuminate apically, margins distinctly serrate to denticulate in the upper two-thirds, the larger median ones 15-20 cm long, 4-6 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> tan, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 6-10 cm long, 2-4 cm diam.; peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Microsporophylls</I> with sterile tip composed of six slightly inclined facets surrounding a small, centrally depressed terminal facet, sporangia present on abaxial surface only. <P><I>Seed cones</I> light tan when young becoming green and glabrous when mature, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 10-15 cm long, 5-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> light-red to red, 1.5-2 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. Description:

Zamia ulei <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, tapering distally, 4-6 cm in diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-4, 1-1.5 m long, broadly ovate; petiole to 1 m long, terete, generally armed with numerous prickles; rachis to 50 cm long, with 3-6 pairs of subopposite leaflets, often armed with prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> sessile, papyraceous to subcoriaceous, oblong-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, sometimes slightly falcate, obtuse and constricted at base, acute to short-acuminate at apex, 12-15 teeth on each margin in the upper one-half, the median ones 12-20 cm long, 6-10 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> usually 2-5, tan, cylindrical, 6-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter; peduncle 6-8 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 4-6 cm in diameter; peduncle 8-10 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid to oblong, 15 mm long, 8 mm in diameter. <P><B>2n = 26</B>. Description:

Zamia polymorpha <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, subglobose, to 10 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> ovate, 3-4 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-3 (1-4), 0.5-1.5 m long; petiole 15-50 cm long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 3-12 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> lanceolate to oblanceolate, cuneate basally, acute to subacuminate apically, margins serrate in the upper two-thirds, the larger median ones 20-30 cm long, 2-8 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> tan, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 6-10 cm long, 2-4 cm diam.; peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Microsporophylls</I> with sterile tip composed of six slightly inclined facets surrounding a small, centrally depressed terminal facet, sporangia present on abaxial surface only. <P><I>Seed cones</I> tan to brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 10-15 cm long, 5-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> light-red to red, 1.5-2 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28.</B> Description:

Zamia portoricensis <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, up to 15 cm. diam., often dichotomously branched. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-10, 0.5-1.5 m long; petioles with stipules, smooth; rachis bearing 5-30 pairs of opposite to subopposite leaflets, smooth. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear 8-25 cm long and 0.5-0.8 cm wide, often caniculate above, acute apically, entire. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> pedunculate, reddish brown, 1-10, cylindrical but gradually tapering towards acute apex, each 3-15 cm long and 0.8-2 cm in diameter, densely pubescent. <P><I>Seed cones</I> reddish brown, usually solitary but occasionally up to 3, cylindrical to slightly ovoid with blunt or slightly acute apex, each 6-12 cm long and 4-5 cm in diameter, densely pubescent. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red to orange-red sarcotesta, ovoid, 1-2 cm long. <P><B>2n = 16.</B> Description:

Zamia pseudoparasitica <P><I>Plants </I>epiphytic with arborescent stems, to 1 m long and 15 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-10, 1-3 m long; petiole inermis, 0.3-1 m long; rachis inermis, with 20-50 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> gray-green, coriaceous, oblanceolate, subfalcate basally, acute apically, margins entire, the median ones 30-50 cm long, 2-4 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical, 25-50 cm long, 2-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones </I>yellow-green to tan, cylindrical to ovoid- cylindrical, 25-50 cm long, 8-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> yellow, sarcotesta becoming mucilaginous, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 1-1.5 diam. <P><B>2n = 16 </B>(Norstog in Caryologia 33: 419-428. 1980). Description:

Zamia pseudomonticola <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 1 m tall, 5-10 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-10, O.7-1.5 m long; petiole without prickles, 0.3-0.5 m long; rachis without prickles; 8-15 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4-6 cm wide, margins entire, abruptly long acuminate apically. seed cones 12-20 cm long. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical, 12-15 (20) cm long, 2-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> yellow-green to green, cylindrical 12-20 cm long, 4-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1.2-1.8 cm long. Description:

Zamia pumila <P><I>Stems</I> subterranean and tuberous, 3-10 [25] cm in diameter, often dichotomously branched. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-15; petioles with stipules, smooth; rachis smooth, bearing 5-30 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> oblong, acute to somewhat rounded apically, often deeply cleft, with 10-15 distinct teeth in upper fourth, median ones 8-25 cm long and 0.5-2 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-30, pedunculate, dark reddish brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, apex acute, 3-15 cm long and 0.8-2 cm in diameter. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-5, pedunculate, dark reddish brown sometimes, cylindrical to slightly ovoid with acuminate apex,6-15 cm long and 4-6 cm in diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red to orange-red, ovoid, 1-2 cm long. <P><B>2n = 16.</B> Description:

Zamia purpurea <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, 3-5 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> of two types, broadly triangular and 1-2 cm long or narrowly triangular and 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Leaves</I> 2-6, 0.20-1 m long; petiole 10-50 cm long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 3-6 pairs of leaflets, bright reddish-purple when emerging and often brownish green when mature. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic to oblong-elliptic, veins prominent and often slightly raised on abaxial surface but not grooved between on the adaxial surface, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins serrate in upper half, the larger median ones 10-25 cm long, 2-8 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> light-brown, short pedunculate, conical to cylindrical, 2.5-3.5 cm long, 0.8-1 cm diam.; microsporophylls with blunt peltate tips, sporangia on abaxial surface only. <P><I>Seed cones</I> purplish to purplish brown, short pedunculate, ovoid cylindrical, 6-8 cm long, 3-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 0.7 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 22.</B> Description:

Zamia pygmaea <P><I>Stem</I> hypogeous, small, to 2 cm diam. in habitat (to 4 cm diam. in cultivation). <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 0.5-1.5 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-4 in habitat (to 20 in cultivation); petioles smooth; rachis smooth, bearing 5-15 (to 20 in cultivated plants) pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate to strongly obovate, with 10-15 teeth in upper fourth, median ones 1-8 cm long and 0.5-2 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, pedunculate, dark reddish brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, apex acute, 1.5-5 cm long and 0.8-2 cm in diameter. <P><I>Seed cones</I> 1-2, pedunculate, dark reddish brown sometimes becoming gray when mature, slightly ovoid to ovoid with long tapering acute apex, 2-8 cm long and 2-4 cm in diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red to orange-red, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm long. <P><B>2n = 16</B>. Description:

Zamia soconuscensis <P><I>Stem</I> short arborescent, erect to decumbent, 25-50 cm long and 5-25 cm in diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> triangular basally, linear-lanceolate apically, 3.5-5 cm long, 1.3-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-6, spreading to recurved, 0.4-2 m long; petiole 14-30 cm, prickled particularly near base; rachis with 20-40 pairs of leaflets, prickled in lower half. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear-lanceolate, falcate to subfalcate, often concave adaxially, cuneate basally, long acute to attenuate apically, <P>margins entire, median ones 20-35 cm long, 3-5 mm. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> brown, cylindrical, 8-10 cm long, 2-2.5 cm diam.; peduncle 4-6 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brown, cylindrical, abruptly acuminate apically, 12-22 cm long, 7-10 cm diam.; peduncle 3-4 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> orange-pink to light red, ovoid, 2.2-2.6 cm long, 1.4-1.9 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 16</B>. Description:

Zamia roezlii <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 7 m tall. <P><I>Leaves</I> 5-10, 1-3 m long; petiole 0.5-1 m long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 10-20 pairs of leaflets, occasionally with a few prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear-lanceolate, falcate, grooved between the veins on the adaxial surface, cuneate basally, acute apically, margins entire, 30-50 cm long, 12-15 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan, cylindrical to elongate-cylindrical, 20-30 cm long, 4-6 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brown, short pedunculate, cylindrical to ovoid cylindrical, 30-60 cm long, 10-20 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 22, 24, 25, 26</B>. Description:

Zamia wallisii <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, 3-5 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> ovate, 1-2 cm long, 2-3 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> usually solitary (2-3), 0.5-1.5 m long; petiole 0.3-1 m long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 2-5 pairs of leaflets, occasionally with a few prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> with distinct petiolule, elliptic, grooved between the veins on the adaxial surface, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins serrate in upper third, the larger median ones 30-50 cm long, 12-15 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to light tan, cylindrical to elongate-cylindrical, 5-8 cm long, 1-2 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> unknown. <P><I>Seeds</I> unknown. <P><B>2n = 16.</B> Description:

Zamia skinneri <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 2.5 m tall. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-6, 1-2 m long; petiole 0.5-1 m long, sparsely to densely prickled; rachis with 6-8 (10) pairs of leaflets, occasionally with a few prickles in the lower third. <P><I>Leaflets</I> elliptic, grooved between the veins on the adaxial surface, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins serrate in upper third, the median ones 30-50 cm long, 12-18 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> cream to tan becoming reddish with age, cylindrical to elongate-cylindrical, 8-12 cm long, 1-2 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brown, short pedunculate, cylindrical to ovoid cylindrical, 20-40 (50) cm long, 8-12 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 22</B>. Description:

Zamia spartea <P><I>Stems</I> subterranean and tuberous, often dichotomously branched, wrinkled and devoid of old leaf bases. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> from 1-2 cm long, sheathing at first, with a pair of inconspicuous stipules. <P><I>Leaves</I> generally few 2-10; petioles with small prickles. <I>Rachis</I> bearing 5-20 pairs of opposite to subopposite leaflets, sometimes with small prickles. <P><I>Leaflets</I> linear 10-25 cm long and 0.4-0.6 cm wide, acuminate apically, with 3-5 teeth at the apex. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> pedunculate, light gray to brownish, 1-5, cylindrical but gradually tapering towards acute apex, each 6-10 cm long and 1-3 cm in diameter, densely pubescent. <P><I>Seed cones</I> grayish to brown, usually solitary but occasionally up to 3, cylindrical to slightly ovoid with a blunt or slightly acute apex, each 6-10 cm long and 4-6 cm in diameter, densely pubescent. <P><I>Seeds</I> with a red to orange-red sarcotesta, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm long. <P><B>2n = 18.</B> Description:

Zamia standleyi <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean and tuberous, 5-12 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> of two forms either triangular basally with stipules and acuminate apically, 3-6 cm long, 1.2-2.8 cm wide; or when subtending cones elongate triangular without stipules, 5-12 cm long, .75 -1.5 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-5, slightly to strongly recurved, oblong, 0.2-1 m long; petiole terete, to 60 cm long, sparsely to heavily armed with prickles; rachis terete, rarely with a few prickles, to 45 cm long, 10-15 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> subcoriaceous to coriaceous, long-lanceolate, apex acute to attenuate, margins with distinct spreading and evenly spaced teeth in the upper third, the median ones 20-45 cm long, 1-4 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-3, decumbent, cylindrical, light-brown to brown, 6-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter; peduncle 2-4 cm long. <P><I>Seed cones</I> usually solitary, cylindrical to slightly ovoid, light-brown to brown, long-acuminate apically with the acumen curved, 8-12 cm long, 3-8 cm in diameter; peduncle 2.5-4 cm long. <P><I>Seeds</I> red, ovoid, 3 cm long, 2 cm in diameter. <P><B>2n = 16.</B> Description:

Zamia tuerckheimii <P><I>Stem</I> arborescent, to 1 m tall, 10-12 cm diam. <P><I>Leaves</I> 8-15, 1-2 m long; petiole minutely prickled to smooth, 0.3-0.5 m long; rachis without prickles, to 1.5 m long; 8-15 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, glossy, iridescent blue-green, 4-6 cm wide, 14-18 cm long, margins entire, abruptly acuminate apically. <P> <I>Pollen cones</I> tan to gray-brown at maturity, cylindrical, 12-15 cm long, 2-4 cm diam. <P><I>Seed cones</I> brownish when young and becoming deep iridescent blue-green when mature, cylindrical 12-18 cm long, 4-8 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> red to scarlet red, ovoid, 1.2-1.8 cm long. <P><B>2n = 16.</B> Description:

Zamia urep <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, to 20 cm long, 2.5-5 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> narrowly lanceolate, 3-4 cm long, 5-8 mm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 1-4, 40-70 m long; petiole smooth, 20-40 (48) cm long, canaliculate adaxially at the base and flat distally; rachis without prickles, 8-15 cm long, 2-5 pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> broadly lanceolate to elliptic, corieacous, obliquely cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins sharply serrulate in upper third, the median ones 10-20 cm long, 3-6 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> 1-2, tan to light brown, cylindrical, 3-6 cm long, 0.6-1 cm diam.; peduncle 18-22 cm long, 2-3 mm diam.; microsporophylls with sterile tip composed of six steeply inclined facets surrounding a centrally depressed terminal facet, sporangia present on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the fertile region. <P><I>Seed cones</I> tan to light brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 3.5-5 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm diam; peduncle 13-16 cm long, 3-5 mm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> unknown. Description:

Zamia vazquezii <P><I>Stem</I> subterranean, subglobose, to 10 cm diam. <P><I>Cataphylls</I> ovate, 1-1.5 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide. <P><I>Leaves</I> 3-30, 0.3-1 m long; petiole 15-40 cm long, smooth to sparsely prickled; rachis with 12-25 (30) pairs of leaflets. <P><I>Leaflets</I> ovate to obpyriform, cuneate basally, acuminate apically, margins with numerous serrations in the upper two-thirds, the larger median leaflets 6-7 (8) cm long, 3-4 cm wide. <P><I>Pollen cones</I> tan, ovoid to ovoid-cylindrical, 5-7 (8) cm long, 2-2.5 cm diam.; peduncle 1.5-2.5 cm long. <P><I>Microsporophylls</I> with sterile tip composed of six slightly inclined facets surrounding a small, centrally depressed terminal facet, sporangia present on abaxial surface only. <P><I>Seed cones</I> tan to brown, cylindrical to ovoid-cylindrical, 10-15 cm long, 5-7 cm diam. <P><I>Seeds</I> orange-red to red, 1.3-1.8 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm diam. <P><B>2n = 18.</B> Description:

Zamia aaaa <P><I>Stem</I> <P><I>Cataphylls</I> <P><I>Leaves</I> <P><I>Leaflets</I> <P><I>Pollen cones</I> <P><I>Seed cones</I> <P><I>Seeds</I> <P><B>2n = ?</B>. Description:



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