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Family Fabaceae

Subfamily Faboideae

Description: Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes climbing or twining.

Leaves simple or compound (mostly pinnate or palmate) with 1-many leaflets, rarely absent; stipules usually present.

Inflorescences various; each flower on a pedicel subtended by a lower bract and with often 2 similar bracteoles just below the calyx or attached on the calyx tube. Flowers strongly zygomorphic. Calyx mostly unequally toothed, often 2-lipped. Corolla papilionaceous, petals unequal; upper petal (the standard) usually largest and borne externally to the adjacent lateral petals (wings), lower petals innermost and mostly fused (the keel) and enfolding the stamens and gynoecium. Stamens 10, free or more often monadelphous with the filaments fused to form a closed or open sheath around the gynoecium, or the uppermost filament often ± free so that the stamens are diadelphous; anthers 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, all uniform or sometimes dimorphic and alternating in size.

Fruit commonly a pod or sometimes a lomentum; seeds usually arillate, though often inconspicuous.


Distribution and occurrence: World: c. 500 gen., 12 000 spp., widespread, chiefly trop. to temp. regions. Aust.: c. 140 gen., 1100 spp., all States.

The seeds and pods of many of the herbaceous species are eaten by humans as food; these are especially valued for their high protein content. Some, especially species of Trifolium and Medicago, are cultivated and used for feeding to livestock or ploughed in as a fertilizer. A number of species are used for timber, while many species are widely grown as ornamentals.

This subfamily is often treated as the family Fabaceae s.str. or Papilionaceae.

Bituminaria, Centrosema, Phaseolus and Spartium are included in the key to genera but as species of these genera are cultivated as ornamentals or food plants and they are not known to be fully naturalized in N.S.W., they are not described in the text.

Key adapted from Crisp (1983)


Flower parts in Faboideae. A, side view of flower; B, separated petals (front view); C, diadelphous stamens with upper stamen free, anthers uniform; D, monadelphous stamens with all filaments fused into a tube, anthers alternately long and short.

 Key to the genera 
1All leaves with 1 leaflet, simple, reduced, or absent.2
Leaves compound, comprised of 2 or more leaflets, rarely some leaves 1-foliolate.4
2Leaves simple or 1-foliolate.3
Leaves absent or reduced to spines or scales.
                       Back to 1
7
3Leaves simple.17
Leaves 1-foliolate, an articulation at junction of petiole with lamina.
                       Back to 2
41
4Leaflets odd in number, rachis ending in a leaflet or character not obvious.5
Leaflets even in number, rachis often ending in a bristle or tendril.
                       Back to 1
49
5Leaflets 3.6
Leaflets 5 or more (or more rarely some leaves 3-foliolate).
                       Back to 4
95
6Leaves palmately 3-foliolate, all 3 petiolules ± equal.55
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, central petiolule longer than lateral petiolules.
                       Back to 5
65
7Stamens all free.8
Stamens variously fused.
                       Back to 2
12
8Flowers yellow, in long racemes and panicles; calyx teeth equal, shorter than tube; pods ovoid, thin, indehiscent.Viminaria
Not as above.
                       Back to 7
9
9Flowers in axillary racemes, sometimes umbellate or reduced to 1 flower; barren bracts present on peduncle; pods ± triangular or (rarely) ovoid.Daviesia
Combination of characters not as above.
                       Back to 8
10
10Upper 2 calyx teeth much enlarged and mostly fused; bracteoles large, round, caducous; pods globose.Sphaerolobium
Combination of characters not as above.
                       Back to 9
11
11Calyx teeth imbricate in bud.Isotropis
Calyx teeth valvate in bud.
                       Back to 10
Jacksonia
12Upper stamen ± free, lower 9 joined in a sheath.13
All 10 stamens fused in a tube or sheath.
                       Back to 7
15
13Trees with red to orange flowers 3–5 cm long; leafless at flowering.Erythrina
Shrubs or subshrubs with ± pink flowers <1 cm long; leaves sometines present at flowering.
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14
14Indumentum absent or hairs simpleCarmichaelia
Indumentum of two-armed hairs on most parts of the plant
                       Back to 13
Indigofera
15All 10 stamens joined in a tube; prickly shrubs with yellow flowers.Ulex
All 10 stamens joined in a sheath split on upper side; plants and flower colour variable.
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16
16Anthers with perceptible connective, all dorsifixed, uniform in size; branches flat with blunt apex.Bossiaea
Anthers with an inconspicuous connective, alternately basifixed and dorsifixed the latter often smaller; branches terete or flat with rigid, sharply pointed apex.
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Templetonia
17Stipules fused behind the axillary bud, margins scarious.Pultenaea
Stipules free or absent.
                       Back to 3
18
18Stamens free or fused at very base.19
Stamens variously fused.
                       Back to 17
32
19Upper 2 calyx teeth fused into a broad notched lip, lower 3 very small and narrow; bracteoles large, round, caducous; leaves tiny, caducous; pods globose.Sphaerolobium
Not as above.
                       Back to 18
20
20Ovary partly divided by a longitudinal partition inside and/or pods longitudinally grooved above.Mirbelia
Combination of characters not as above.
                       Back to 19
21
21Ovules 4 or more.22
Ovules 2.
                       Back to 20
27
22Standard purple-veined behind; upper 2 caly teeth fused most of the way into a broad lip.Isotropis
Combination of characters not as above.
                       Back to 21
23
23Calyx teeth abutted in bud; pods ± globose.Gompholobium
Calyx teeth overlapping in bud; pods ovoid or more elongated.
                       Back to 22
24
24Keel much shorter than wings or beaked; leaves mostly alternate.Chorizema
Keel about twice as long as wings; leaves ± opposite or whorled.
                       Back to 23
25
25Stipules ± rigid, recurved or spreading; hairs on stems laterally attached, ± 2-branched; bracts simple.26
Stipules bristly or absent; hairs on stems simple; bracts 3-lobed.
                       Back to 24
Oxylobium
26Margins of leaves recurved; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, upper surface often wartyCallistachys
Margins of leaves not recurved; leaves usually opposite, upper surface not usually warty
                       Back to 25
Podolobium
27Pods triangular (sometimes turgid) glabrous; flowers in often modified or reduced racemes with barren bracts on peduncle; bracteoles absent.Daviesia
Combination of characters not as above.
                       Back to 21
28
28Leaves with recurved to revolute margins; seeds without an aril.29
Leaves flat with flat to involute margins or terete to trigonous and grooved above; seeds with aril.
                       Back to 27
30
29Bracteoles absent.Aotus
Bracteoles present, 4–15 mm long, usually green and leaf-like.
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Phyllota
30Leaves opposite, in 2 rows.Eutaxia
Leaves alternate, scattered or crowded.
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31
31Standard much broader than long.Dillwynia
Standard slightly longer than broad.
                       Back to 30
Almaleea
32All 10 stamens fused from base in a tube closed or open on upper side.33
Upper stamen free at least at base, other 9 joined in a sheath.
                       Back to 18
39
33All stamens fused in a closed tube.34
All stamens fused in a sheath open along upper side.
                       Back to 32
35
34Calyx 2-lipped, not as above; anthers not bearded.Cytisus
Calyx with 5 small teeth, split to base on upper side; anthers bearded at base.
                       Back to 33
Spartium
35Calyx usually with 5 (rarely 4) subequal teeth; alternate anthers long and short with longer ones more than one and a half times longer.Crotalaria
Upper 2 calyx teeth joined higher than others or greatly enlarged; anthers uniform or alternate anthers longer but not more than one and a half times as long as shorter ones.
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36
36Anthers with perceptible connective, all dorsifixed, uniform in size; leaves distichous.37
Anthers without conspicuous connective, alternately dorsifixed and basifixed, the former often smaller; leaves spirally inserted.
                       Back to 35
38
37Pods not thickly and narrowly margined or keeled above, with flattish valves; leaves absent, alternate or opposite; upper calyx teeth not as enlarged as below.Bossiaea
Pods with a thin conspicuous wing above, valves rolling back; leaves opposite; upper calyx teeth greatly enlarged, >6 times as long as lower teeth.
                       Back to 36
Platylobium
38Petals blue or purple; pods not or scarcely longer than broad.Hovea
Petals yellow, red or reddish purple; pods at least one and a half times longer than broad.
                       Back to 36
Templetonia
39Anthers tipped by a small raised gland; covered with ± appressed, laterally attached hairs.Indigofera
Anthers not as above.
                       Back to 32
40
40Rigid shrubs with spiny branches; pods ± straight and smooth.Alhagi
More or less prostrate herbs, branches not spiny; pods twisted and ± spiny.
                       Back to 39
Scorpiurus
41Stipules fused behind the axillary bud, margins scarious.Pultenaea
Stipules free or absent.
                       Back to 3
42
42Stamens all free.Isotropis
Stamens variously fused.
                       Back to 41
43
43All 10 stamens fused, in a sheath split along upper side, at least towards base.44
Stamens all or mostly fused but not as above.
                       Back to 42
47
44Calyx with 5 (rarely 4) ± equal teeth; alternate anthers more than one and a half times longer than others.Crotalaria
Upper 2 calyx teeth joined higher than others or greatly enlarged; anthers uniform or not differing by more than one and a half times in length.
                       Back to 43
45
45Anthers with inconspicuous connective, alternately basifixed and dorsifixed, the latter often smaller; leaves spirally inserted.Templetonia
Anthers with perceptible connective, all dorsifixed, uniform in size; leaves distichous.
                       Back to 44
46
46Pods not or relatively thickly and narrowly margined or keeled above, valves flattish; upper calyx teeth not as enlarged as below.Bossiaea
Pods with thin conspicuous wing above, valves thin and rolling back; upper calyx teeth nearly as long as standard, enormously expanded relative to lower teeth.
                       Back to 45
Platylobium
47Pods transversely jointed or constricted, divided into 1–8, indehiscent, 1-seeded articles.120
Pods continuous, not jointed, often short and 1- or 2-seeded.
                       Back to 43
48
48All 10 stamens joined in a closed tube; erect shrubs.Cytisus
Upper stamen free, other 9 stamens joined in an open sheath; climbing or prostrate subshrubs.
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Hardenbergia
49Leaves not ending in a tendril or not; climbing herbs.50
Leaves not ending in a tendril; shrubs or non-climbing herbs.
                       Back to 4
53
50Leaves not ending in a tendril; seeds glossy red and blackAbrus
Leaves ending in a tendril; seeds not as above
                       Back to 49
51
51Stipules of similar appearance and size to leaflets (or larger).Pisum
Stipules smaller and narrower than leaflets.
                       Back to 50
52
52Leaflets one pair.Lathyrus
Leaflets 2 to many pairs.
                       Back to 51
Vicia
53Leaflets 2–6 and >3 cm long, 10–45 mm wide; flowers >2 cm long.Vicia
Leaflets 2–60 and <3 cm long, 1–15 mm wide; flowers <1 cm long.
                       Back to 49
54
54Leaves with >10 leaflets; erect annual, >40 cm high; fruit not jointed, not breaking into 1-seeded articles.Sesbania
Leaves with 2 or 4 leaflets; prostrate to erect subshrubs, <40 cm high; fruit jointed, breaking into 1-seeded articles.
                       Back to 53
Zornia
55Stamens all free; leaves sessile or nearly so; pods globose or nearly so.Gompholobium
Stamens variously fused; leaves petiolate; pods various, rarely ± globose.
                       Back to 6
56
56All 10 stamens fused in a sheath open along the upper side.57
Stamens all fused in a closed tube, or upper one wholly or partly free.
                       Back to 55
59
57Upper 2 calyx teeth greatly enlarged and/or joined higher than lower 3.Muelleranthus
Calyx teeth ± equal, or if not equal, then not as above.
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58
58Procumbent herbs; leaves in groups of 3 to 5; pods linear to oblong.Lotononis
Not as above; pods inflated.
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Crotalaria
59Leaves dotted with glands, at least on lower surface.60
Leaves not dotted with glands.
                       Back to 56
61
60Fruit densely glandular.Cullen
Fruit not glandular.
                       Back to 59
Bituminaria
61Plants herbaceous (sometimes woody at base).62
Plants shrubby.
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63
62Plants twining or trailing (usually woody at base); inflorescences racemose.Glycine
Plants erect to procumbent; inflorescences head-like, spicate or umbellate.
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Trifolium
63Keel petals oblong, straight along lower surface; style curved abruptly near the apex.Genista
Keel petals curved along lower surface; style curved throughout its length.
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64
64Flowers creamy white; calyx tubular, 9–10 mm long; stems ± terete, with obscure ridges.Chamaecytisus
Flowers yellow; calyx campanulate, c. 6 mm long; stems prominently angular.
                       Back to 63
Cytisus
65Stipels clearly and consistently present at base of each leaflet, rarely gland-like; frequently twining or climbing plants.66
Stipels absent, minute or inconsistently present.
                       Back to 6
84
66Trees or robust woody climbers with leaflets at least 5 cm long, and large showy flowers at least 2 cm long, sometimes plants leafless at flowering.67
Not as above.
                       Back to 65
69
67Trees with red flowers; keel much shorter than standard.Erythrina
Woody climbers, flowers greenish or purple, blue or pink with yellow spot; keel equal to or longer than standard.
                       Back to 66
68
68Leaves ± glabrous; keel longer than standard; pods with 2 wings along each margin, at first covered with irritant hairs, then ± glabrous.Mucuna
Leaves pubescent; keel ± equal to standard; pods not as above, softly villous.
                       Back to 67
Pueraria
69Styles bearded, or hairy more than halfway.70
Styles glabrous, or hairy less than halfway.
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74
70Styles abruptly divided into thin basal part and thickened upper part.71
Styles uniformly thick or thin, or tapering.
                       Back to 69
73
71Styles with thickened part (and keel) twisted through more than 360°.Phaseolus
Styles with thickened part twisted through no more than 360°, usually <180°.
                       Back to 70
72
72Thickened part of styles bent through 90° just above the base, then curved slightly narrowed towards the apex, resembling a squarish hook.Macroptilium
Styles not as above, variously and smoothly curved.
                       Back to 71
Vigna
73Styles straight and blade-like; standard mostly purple.Lablab
Styles strongly curved near base and apex in one direction, gently curved in middle in opposite direction; standard pinkish.
                       Back to 70
Dipogon
74Leaves dotted with yellow resinous glands; pods acuminate, with oblique grooves between seeds, striped with maroon or purplish black.Cajanus
Not as above.
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75
75Herbs or shrubs, rarely twining; pods transversely jointed or constricted, separating into 1–8, indehiscent, 1-seeded articles.120
Stems long and trailing or twining (except rarely Hardenbergia); pods not as above.
                       Back to 74
76
76Flowers solitary or clustered in leaf axils, or 1 or 2 on axillary peduncles.77
Flowers several to many in axillary racemes, sometimes clustered at apex of peduncle.
                       Back to 75
78
77Standard white or greenish yellow; bracteoles ± subulate.Macrotyloma
Standard showy, predominantly shades of red or purple; bracteoles absent.
                       Back to 76
Kennedia
78Pods with prominent longitudinal rib(s) near suture(s), or winged.79
Pods not as above.
                       Back to 76
80
79Lowermost calyx lobe much longer than others; pods linear with an acicular beak.Centrosema
Lower 3 calyx teeth equal or absent; pods oblong, not or slightly beaked.
                       Back to 78
Canavalia
80Calyx with 5 teeth, or slightly 2-lipped by upper 2 teeth more joined than lower 3.81
Upper 2 calyx teeth joined to or almost to apex, calyx appearing 4-lobed or 2-lipped.
                       Back to 78
82
81Flowers solitary along rachis of inflorescence.Glycine
Flowers in clusters of 3 or more along rachis of inflorescence.
                       Back to 80
Neonotonia
82Seeds with aril; bracteoles absent.Kennedia
Seeds without aril; bracteoles present although often small or caducous.
                       Back to 80
83
83Upper stamen joined with other 9 in tube, or becoming free; stipules produced downward from base, usually >15 mm long.Pueraria
Upper stamen free, other 9 fused; stipules smaller than above, not produced downward.
                       Back to 82
Galactia
84Stamens all fused by filaments into sheath open along upper side; pods dehiscent.85
Stamens not as above or if (rarely) so, then pods indehiscent.
                       Back to 65
86
85Fruit a pod with several seeds, not hooked at apexGoodia
Fruit a loment, commonly 1-seeded, hooked at apex by persistent style
                       Back to 84
Stylosanthes
86Margins of leaflets toothed or crenulate, or if entire then plants dotted with immersed (not superficial) glands.87
Margins of leaflets entire, not gland-dotted.
                       Back to 84
91
87Leaflets dotted with immersed black or shining glands (sometimes obscured by hairs).Cullen
Leaflets not gland-dotted.
                       Back to 86
88
88Pods enclosed in calyx; corolla persistent in fruit.Trifolium
Pods exceeding calyx; corolla not persistent in fruit.
                       Back to 87
89
89Pods ovoid, straight, indehiscent; flowers in slender elongated racemes.Melilotus
Not as above.
                       Back to 88
90
90Pods short, spirally coiled or rarely curved, usually indehiscent.Medicago
Pods long, linear, curved, tardily dehiscent.
                       Back to 89
Trigonella
91Lower surface of leaflets, calyx and sometimes petals covered with superficial yellow or orange resinous gland dots (sometimes obscure).Rhynchosia
Not as above.
                       Back to 86
92
92Calyx of 4 acuminate teeth by union of upper 2 teeth.Galactia
Calyx otherwise.
                       Back to 91
93
93Flowers 1-several, clustered in leaf axils, or in heads or spikes; pods enclosed in calyx.Kummerowia
Inflorescence a raceme, sometimes few-flowered and subumbellate; pods exserted.
                       Back to 92
94
94Styles bearded.Swainsona
Styles not bearded.
                       Back to 93
Canavalia
95Stamens all free, or rarely filaments shortly fused at base.96
Stamens mostly fused by filaments.
                       Back to 5
98
96Shrubs; leaflets usually <5 mm wide, terminal one sessile; pods globose, <1 cm long; keel petals free or almost so.Gompholobium
Trees or tall shrubs; leaflets >5 mm wide; pods elongate, >3 cm long; keel petals fused.
                       Back to 95
97
97Leaves ± glabrous; inflorescences in axils of old leaves or on old wood; pods dehiscent, 3–5 cm diam., woody, turgid; flowers 3–4 cm long.Castanospermum
Leaves densely hairy; inflorescences terminal; pods ± indehiscent, <1 cm diam., prominently constricted between seeds; flowers <2.5 cm long.
                       Back to 96
Sophora
98Anthers tipped by small raised gland; plant covered with more or less appressed laterally attached hairs.99
Not as above.
                       Back to 95
100
99Standard glabrous; keel rostrate; fruit somewhat bilaterally flattened, partitions between seeds membranous, endocarp never spottedIndigastrum
Standard hairy; keel not rostrate; fruit globular to cylindric, partitions between seeds pithy; endocarp spotted
                       Back to 98
Indigofera
100Herbs; leaves with 5 or 9 leaflets, upper 3 palmate at rachis summit, lowest 2 at its base often resembling stipules; actual stipules minute; 5 alternate or all filaments dilated upwards.Lotus
Not as above.
                       Back to 98
101
101Stamens all fused in a sheath open along the upper side; pods dehiscent.102
Stamens variously fused, not as above, or if (rarely) so, then pods indehiscent and usually ornamented or winged.
                       Back to 100
104
102Leaves pinnately compound.Aenictophyton
Leaves palmately compound.
                       Back to 101
103
103Pods inflated; style with a line of hairs on inner surface; calyx >11 mm long, glabrous; flowers yellow.Crotalaria
Pods not inflated, ± flat; style glabrous; calyx mostly <11 mm long; flowers usually blue or purple, occasionally yellow.
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Lupinus
104Stipules becoming enlarged and spinose; deciduous trees.Robinia
Stipules not spinose; plants not deciduous.
                       Back to 101
105
105Styles exserted from keel, incurved to hooked; wings petals greatly reduced; woody rainforest climbers.Austrosteenisia
Not as above.
                       Back to 104
106
106Prostrate herbs with erect pseudo-umbels; flowers red, showy, c. 8 cm long; keel beaked; standard reflexed, acute, with a shining (usually) black boss.Swainsona
Not as above.
                       Back to 105
107
107Standard silky or woolly behind; leaflets with lateral veins numerous, parallel, ascending to the margin; pods linear or oblong, not woody; herbs or shrubs.Tephrosia
Not as above.
                       Back to 106
108
108Styles bearded.109
Styles glabrous, or pubescent near base.
                       Back to 107
110
109Standard shorter than keel; flowers >3 cm long; shrubs to 1 m high.Lessertia
Standard ± equal to or longer than keel; flowers usually <3 cm long; herbs or subshrubs.
                       Back to 108
Swainsona
110Leaflets dotted with black glands.111
Leaflets not dotted with glands.
                       Back to 108
113
111Leaves palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.Cullen
Leaves pinnately compound, leaflets 5–17.
                       Back to 110
112
112Leaflets 5–11; flowers solitary or in axillary clusters towards end of stem.Psoralea
Leaflets 5–17; flowers in axillary spike-like racemes.
                       Back to 111
Glycyrrhiza
113Pods indehiscent, ± flat, thin, winged or keeled; woody climbers or somewhat shrubby.Brachypterum
Pods various, not as above; habit various.
                       Back to 110
114
114Pods with several seeds, not transversely jointed, 2-valved.115
Pods jointed and separating into 1-seeded articles, or short 1-seeded and bristly.
                       Back to 113
117
115Woody climbers in or near rainforest or weedy near human habitation; flowers purplish.116
Herbaceous weeds in drier habitats; flowers yellowish.
                       Back to 114
Astragalus
116Evergreen liana; infloresence a panicle; pod inflated, 3–5.2 cm wideAustrocallerya
Deciduous liana; infloresence a raceme; pod ompressed, 1.2–3 cm wide
                       Back to 115
Wisteria
117All or alternate filaments dilated upwards.118
Filaments not dilated upwards.
                       Back to 114
119
118Keel acute or beaked; pods 4-angled.Securigera
Keel obtuse; pods terete or compressed.
                       Back to 117
Ornithopus
119Pods 1-seeded, not jointed, bristly.Onobrychis
Pods jointed, of 2 or more 1-seeded articles, not bristly.
                       Back to 117
Aeschynomene
120Flowers in dense spike-like racemes; fruit ± enclosed by calyx; articles 2, folded back on each other.Uraria
Flowers in open racemes or clusters; fruit not enclosed by calyx; articles 1–8, not folded back on each other.
                       Back to 75
121
121Leaves 1-foliolate; bracts filiform.122
Leaves mostly 3-foliolate, occasionally a few 1-foliolate or 5-foliolate; bracts not filiform.
                       Back to 120
123
122Pod separating into 1-seeded, turgid articlesAlysicarpus
Pod separating into 1-seeded, compressed articles
                       Back to 121
Pleurolobus
123Branches spinescent; petioles 2–4 mm long; leaflets oblanceolate to oblong, 0.3–2.5 cm long, 1–6 mm wide.Pedleya
Branches not spinescent; petioles >4 mm long; leaflets various, 0.5–10 cm long, 5–45 mm wide.
                       Back to 121
124
124Leaflets with a conspicuous silver stripe on upper surface.Desmodium
Leaflets uniformly green on upper surface.
                       Back to 123
125
125Pod articles inflated; leaflets lanceolate, 4–10 cm long, 4–10 times longer than wide.Desmodiopsis
Pod articles flat; leaflets smaller and/or less elongate.
                       Back to 124
126
126Leaflets hairy on both surfaces.127
Leaflets ± glabrous on upper surface.
                       Back to 125
128
127Leaflets with both surfaces sparsely to densely hairy; apex of leaflets acute to acuminate; flowers pink to blue, c. 10 mm long.Desmodium
Leaflets with both surfaces appressed-pubescent; apex of leaflets ± obtuse; flowers purple, c. 6 mm long.
                       Back to 126
Maekawaea
128Lower surface of leaflets sparsely hairy with minute, hooked hairs, often appearing glabrous; leaflets drying ± blue-black.Oxytes
Lower surface of leaflets sparsely to densely hairy with longer, appressed hairs, sometimes with hairs restricted to veins; leaflets not drying blue-black.
                       Back to 126
129
129Stipules 5–15 mm long.Grona
Stipules 2–6 mm long.
                       Back to 128
130
130Leaves with terminal petiolule longer than lateral ones, usually 2–4.5 mm long; leaflets lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate.Grona
Leaves with terminal petiolule similar to lateral ones, ≤1 mm long; leaflets ± rhombic and truncate at the apex or rarely broad-obovate or rounded.
                       Back to 129
Pullenia

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