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Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA

Description: The Magnoliopsida are terrestrial, epiphytic or aquatic vascular plants which form flowers and reproduce sexually by seeds enclosed in an ovary. The sporophyte consists of true roots, stems and true leaves which are either simple, variously compound or sometimes reduced and scale-like and are alternate, opposite or whorled.

The flowers include the often showy petals and sepals as well as the sexual reproductive structures. The two distinct phases of the life cycle are not readily apparent as the gametophytes are microscopic and formed in the stamens and carpels. The pollen grains (microspores) are produced within the anthers and transferred to the stigma of the carpel. This process (pollination) is effected by various vectors Including wind, water, insects and larger animals; many flowers are specialized for a particular agent. After pollination and fertilization in the ovule of the egg cell (formed by the megaspore) by the sperm (formed in the pollen grain) the seed develops.

Seeds are protected by the ovary wall (pericarp) in the fruiting stage and the embryo has one or two cotyledons. After dispersal of the fruit and/or seed and its germination the new sporophyte is formed

Distribution and occurrence: World: c. 470 families; 13,700 genera; 240,000 species, cosmopolitan. Australia: c. 230 families, 2600 genera;18,000 species, all States.

The Magnoliopsida is divided into the subclasses Magnoliidae and Liliidae, commonly known as the dicotyledons and monocotyledons respectively.

Text by G. J. Harden
Taxon concept:

	Key to the class MAGNOLIOPSIDA
1*	Plants not carnivorous	4
1	Carnivorous plants: either with glandular hairs on the leaves, or with bladders 1–2 mm long borne on submerged or subterranean leaves	2
2*	Leaves modified into insect-trapping bladders, borne in water in aquatic species, or on underground leaves; flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic	3
2	Leaves with glandular hairs, leaves either borne in a rosette, or erect and divided into 2 branches, or on aerial stems; flowers actinomorphic	DROSERACEAE
3*	Leaves whorled; flowers zygomorphic	LENTIBULARIACEAE
3	Leaves alternate; flowers actinomorphic	DROSERACEAE
4*	Plants neither floating on nor growing in water	104
4	Waterplants: either plants floating on or in water, or plants totally submerged in water or plants rooted in saline mud or in ± permanent water with the upper leaves and flowers in the air	5
5*	Plants not woody	18
5	Woody plants – trees or shrubs growing in saline mud (mangroves) or ± permanent water	6
6*	Woody plants growing in ± permanent water, either fresh or brackish but rarely saline	12
6	Mangroves – woody plants growing in saline mud or estuaries	7
7*	Leaves alternate	10
7	Leaves opposite	8
8*	Stipules absent; leaves not crowded, internodes >2 cm long; ovary superior	9
8	Interpetiolar stipules present on the youngest stems, falling as the leaves mature; leaves crowded, internodes mostly <1 cm long; ovary inferior	RHIZOPHORACEAE
9*	Pneumatophores absent; leaves glabrous; not common, shrubs on the inland side of mangrove communities	VERBENACEAE
9	Pneumatophores present; leaves white-hairy below; a common mangrove	AVICENNIACEAE
10*	Stipules absent or very small; leaves pinnately veined, glabrous	11
10	Shoots with stipules 20–30 mm long; leaves palmately veined, densely white-hairy on lower surface	MALVACEAE
11*	Milky latex absent; glands not present on lamina	MYRSINACEAE
11	Milky latex present in broken twigs and petioles; 2 or 3 small glands present at base of lamina	EUPHORBIACEAE
12*	Branchlets not photosynthetic; leaves normally developed, persistent or sometimes seasonally deciduous	14
12	Branchlets photosynthetic; leaves apparently absent – leaves either scale-like, or present only on new growth	13
13*	Shrubs with stiff, intertwining branches; leaves absent or present only on new growth, alternate	POLYGONACEAE
13	Trees or shrubs, branchlets often drooping; leaves scale-like, whorled	CASUARINACEAE
14*	Leaves <20 cm long, simple	15
14	Leaves >1 m long, compound	ARECACEAE
15*	Trees or shrubs, bark not papery; leaves with only one longitudinal vein	16
15	Trees with papery bark; leaves with several longitudinal veins	MYRTACEAE
16*	Shrubs	17
16	Trees	SALICACEAE
17*	Plants glabrous; leaves <5 mm wide	POLYGONACEAE
17	Plants hairy; leaves >5 mm wide	ONAGRACEAE
18*	Herbs rooted in substrate but not attached at edge of water with stems floating over the water surface	37
18	Either herbs free-floating and not attached to the substrate, or herbs attached at edge of water with stems floating over the water surface	19
19	Plants free-floating, not attached to substrate or margin	20
19*	Plants attached to substrate near margin of water and stems extending out over surface of water	30
19*	All or most of the vegetative parts of the plant floating below the surface of the water	25
20	All or most of the vegetative parts of the plant (except for roots or root-like structures) floating on the surface of the water	21
21*	Plants always >5 cm long in at least one dimension; roots present, not hair-like; flowers bisexual or unisexual or absent	22
21	Plant-body usually <10 mm long, often <5 mm long; roots absent or hair-like; inflorescence minute, flowers unisexual	LEMNACEAE
22*	Petioles absent or not inflated	23
22	Petioles usually >5 cm long and inflated	PONTEDERIACEAE
23*	Flowers never produced, reproduction by spores or vegetatively; leaves simple or divided	FILICOPSIDA
23	Flowering plants (sometimes reproducing vegetatively); leaves simple	24
24*	Leaves generally <6 cm long, without conspicuous ridges	AMARANTHACEAE
24	Leaves 6–15 cm long, 4–8 cm wide with 7–15 ridges, closely overlapping	ARACEAE
25*	Leaves alternate and either leaves 2-lobed from base, or plant body very small	29
25	Leaves opposite or whorled	26
26*	Animal traps and sensitive bristles absent	27
26	Leaves modified into animal traps with basal sensitive bristles	DROSERACEAE
27*	Leaves much branched	28
27	Leaves simple and unbranched	HYDROCHARITACEAE
28*	Initial division of leaves trichotomous or more, subsequent divisions dichotomous, ultimate segments not toothed	CABOMBACEAE
28	All divisions of leaves dichotomous, ultimate segments toothed	CERATOPHYLLACEAE
29*	Animal traps absent; plant body usually <1 cm long	LEMNACEAE
29	Animal traps present and obvious; plants >2 cm long	LENTIBULARIACEAE
30*	Leaves not peltate	32
30	Leaves peltate	31
31*	Flowers maroon; mucilage on leaves	CABOMBACEAE
31	Flowers yellow; no mucilage on leaves	APIACEAE
32*	Leaves alternate	34
32	Leaves opposite	33
33*	Leaves >20 mm wide, petiole >10 mm long	ASTERACEAE
33	Leaves 10–20 mm wide, ± sessile	AMARANTHACEAE
34*	Ocreae absent	35
34	Ocreae (sheaths of fused stipules) present around the petioles and stems	POLYGONACEAE
35*	Leaves pinnately veined; base of lamina sagittate, hastate or attenuate; flowers yellow, pink or white	36
35	Leaves with numerous longitudinal veins; base of lamina cordate; flowers blue	PONTEDERIACEAE
36*	Leaves with lamina ± elliptic, base attenuate, apex rounded; flowers yellow	ONAGRACEAE
36	Leaves with lamina ± triangular, base hastate or sagittate, apex acute; flowers pink to ± white	CONVOLVULACEAE
37*	Leaves submerged or floating on the surface, flowers submerged or emergent	74
37	Leaves emergent, flowers emergent; sometimes plant ± completely emergent	38
38*	Plants with leaves only, at most, a few to several times longer than wide; plants not grass-like	51
38	Plants with long, narrow leaves, many times longer than wide, often grass-like	39
39*	Plants not grass-like or if grass-like then flowers with true perianth (hard and scarious or petaloid) or flowers arranged in spikelets; leaves various, sometimes reduced to open sheaths on stems	43
39	Plants ± grass-like and flowers without true perianth and subtended by one or more bracts (glumes, lemmas or paleas) and organized into characteristic spikelets; leaves flat or terete	40
40*	Flowers bisexual or unisexual, each flower or group of fused unisexual flowers subtended and often enclosed by a bract	41
40	Flowers unisexual, in a group surrounded by 4 spreading bracts	HYDATELLACEAE
41*	Fruit indehiscent	42
41	Fruit dehiscent, splitting on one side to release a smooth translucent seed	CENTROLEPIDACEAE
42*	Flowers enclosed by a lemma and palea and these variously arranged in characteristic spikelets and mostly subtended by sterile glumes; leaves usually with open sheaths and ligules present although these often much reduced	POACEAE
42	Flowers subtended by a single bract (glume) and variously arranged into spikelets; leaves mostly with closed sheath and mostly without ligules	CYPERACEAE
43*	Perianth of various forms but not dry and scarious, flowers rarely arranged in open paniculate inflorescences and then flowers unisexual	44
43	Perianth dry and scarious, flowers or flower clusters in open paniculate inflorescences; leaves flat, terete or reduced to sheaths; flowers usually bisexual	JUNCACEAE
44*	Leaves not reduced to open sheaths; flowers bisexual or unisexual and plants monoecious	45
44	Leaves on adult plants reduced to open sheaths which sometimes bear a small ± linear lamina; flowers usually unisexual and plants mostly dioecious	RESTIONACEAE
45*	Flowers bisexual or unisexual and male and female flowers separated in same inflorescence; leaves >8 cm long, not all basal, linear	46
45	Flowers unisexual with both sexes aggregated into small dense heads surrounded by 2 awned bracts; leaves all basal, linear, <8 cm long	ERIOCAULACEAE
46*	Neither stems nor leaf bases obviously hairy; flowers white, greenish or brown, often inconspicuous	47
46	Stems and often margins of leaf bases hairy; flowers yellow, conspicuous	PHILYDRACEAE
47*	Leaves not septate-cylindric	48
47	Leaves septate-cylindric, constricted slightly at each septum	APIACEAE
48*	Leaves neither inflated nor spongy; flowers unisexual, plants monoecious	49
48	Leaves inflated and spongy when fresh; flowers bisexual	JUNCAGINACEAE
49*	Flowers arranged in dense elongated or globose heads; individual flower pedicels not visible; inflorescence axis visible between clusters but not between individual flowers; individual flowers <5 mm diam	50
49	Inflorescence open, flowers on clearly visible pedicels, inflorescence axis visible between flowers; flowers >10 mm diam	ALISMATACEAE
50*	Inflorescence of dense globose clusters arranged along the axis; upper clusters male, lower clusters female	SPARGANIACEAE
50	Inflorescence dense, spike-like; male flowers above, female flowers below, ± separated by a portion of stem	TYPHACEAE
51*	Leaves simple, reduced or absent	55
51	Leaves compound and/or lobed	52
52*	Leaves pinnately lobed or divided; flowers white, reddish or greenish, in umbels or racemes or ± solitary and sessile in spike-like inflorescences	53
52	Leaves palmately lobed or divided, rarely pinnate and then usually with only 2 pairs of pinnae; flowers yellow, solitary, distinctly stalked	RANUNCULACEAE
53*	Flowers not in umbels; crushed leaves not smelling like carrot leaves; plants mostly growing in water	54
53	Flowers in umbels; crushed leaves smelling like carrot leaves; plants only rarely growing in water	APIACEAE
54*	Leaves and leaf segments <3 mm wide; flowers red, white or greenish, ± sessile in axils of leaves forming a spike-like inflorescence	HALORAGACEAE
54	Widest leaves or leaf segments >5 mm wide; flowers white, pedicellate, in racemes	BRASSICACEAE
55*	Leaves not reduced to sheaths on stems	58
55	Leaves reduced to sheaths on aerial stems	56
56*	Sheaths closed	CYPERACEAE
56	Sheaths open	57
57*	Perianth of various forms but not dry and scarious, flowers usually unisexual and plants mostly dioecious	RESTIONACEAE
57	Perianth dry and scarious, flowers or flower clusters in open paniculate inflorescences; flowers usually bisexual	JUNCACEAE
58*	Leaves spread along the stem, basal leaves sometimes also present, or leaves absent	63
58	Leaves all basal	59
59*	Lamina not ± circular and/or petiole attached towards margin	60
59	Lamina ± circular with a radial slit, petiole attached near centre of lamina	NYMPHAEACEAE
60*	Plants with horizontal rhizomes or stolons	61
60	Plants without horizontal rhizomes or stolons	ALISMATACEAE
61*	Lamina >10 cm long; mature plants >50 cm high; flowers white or blue	62
61	Lamina <10 cm long; mature plants <30 cm high; flowers white	HYDROCHARITACEAE
62*	Longitudinal veins numerous, usually >20, midrib not well defined, cross veins obscure; flowers blue	PONTEDERIACEAE
62	Longitudinal veins usually <10 (always <20) and midrib well defined, cross veins obvious; flowers white	ALISMATACEAE
63*	Leaves without an ocrea but leaf bases sometimes winged and half encircling stem; leaves opposite, whorled or alternate	64
63	Leaves with an ocrea (sheathing stipule); leaves alternate or absent	POLYGONACEAE
64*	Leaves alternate	70
64	Leaves opposite or whorled	65
65*	Flowers solitary or in cymes, spikes or racemes; leaves <20 mm wide, sessile or petiole <10 mm long (sometimes to 15 cm long in Limosella)	66
65	Flowers in heads; leaves >20 mm wide, petiole mostly >10 mm long	ASTERACEAE
66*	Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes, white, blue, red-brown or petals translucent	67
66	Flowers in terminal spikes, pink to purple	LYTHRACEAE
67*	Leaves not united at base, either petiolate, or lamina >3 mm wide, oblanceolate to ± obovate; corolla white to blue, 5-lobed, or 4-lobed and then lobes unequal	SCROPHULARIACEAE
67	Leaves united at base, sessile and <3 mm wide, lamina linear to oblong; corolla white or red-brown, 4-lobed, lobes ± equal	68
68*	Flowers bisexual; corolla white; aerial stems <20 cm high	69
68	Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious; corolla red-brown or translucent; aerial stems to 1 m high	RUBIACEAE
69*	Flowers solitary; corolla tube not split on one side	CRASSULACEAE
69	Flowers in few-flowered cymes; corolla tube split to base on one side	PORTULACACEAE
70*	Leaves with obvious petioles, neither linear nor spathulate; flowers yellow	73
70	Leaves without obvious petioles, leaves either sessile or linear to spathulate; flowers pink, blue, purple or white	71
71*	Leaves linear or spathulate with a winged base half encircling the stem; flowers solitary and/or in heads, blue, pink or white	72
71	Leaves sessile, without a winged base; flowers solitary in axils, blue, pink or purple	LYTHRACEAE
72*	Plants 40–200 cm high; flowers in heads, white, blue or pink	ASTERACEAE
72	Plants <20 cm high; flowers in 1–few-flowered cymes, white	PORTULACACEAE
73*	Flowers solitary, axillary; leaves either with small stipules and/or stems and leaves hairy	ONAGRACEAE
73	Flowers in large panicles; leaves glabrous, without stipules	MENYANTHACEAE
74*	Most leaves completely submerged, some leaves may be emergent or floating when plant flowering	82
74	At least some leaves always floating on surface of water, flowers (if present) emergent, often some leaves submerged	75
75*	Leaves compound or simple and not peltate or rarely petiole attached near the margin of the lamina; lamina broad-lanceolate, elliptic, ovate or obovate	78
75	Leaves simple, peltate with petiole attached near centre of lamina; lamina ± circular, often with a radial slit	76
76*	Leaves with a radial slit, margin entire to toothed	77
76	Leaves without a radial slit, margin entire	CABOMBACEAE
77*	Leaves arising along a floating horizontal stolon; petals 5	MENYANTHACEAE
77	Leaves all basal arising from a corm or buried horizontal rhizome; petals numerous	NYMPHAEACEAE
78*	Leaves simple	79
78	Leaves compound, pinnae 4, sessile, at apex of long petiole, floating on surface of water	FILICOPSIDA
79*	Leaves all basal; leaves either all similar or dimorphic	80
79	Leaves attached along trailing stem; submerged leaves different from floating leaves (that is, leaves dimorphic)	POTAMOGETONACEAE
80*	Plants not forming deeply buried tubers; flowers solitary	81
80	Plants forming deeply buried tubers; inflorescence many-flowered	APONOGETONACEAE
81*	Leaves with base tapering into petiole; lamina <20 mm wide, venation obscure or only midvein visible	SCROPHULARIACEAE
81	Leaves with base ± cordate; lamina >20 mm wide and with 5–7 longitudinal veins	HYDROCHARITACEAE
82*	Submerged leaves simple and entire	85
82	Submerged leaves compound or deeply lobed	83
83*	Submerged leaves dichotomously or trichotomously divided	84
83	Submerged leaves pinnately divided; emergent leaves pinnately divided or entire	HALORAGACEAE
84*	Submerged leaves alternate; all leaves divided into linear segments	RANUNCULACEAE
84	Submerged leaves opposite or whorled; floating leaves if present peltate	CABOMBACEAE
85*	Plants of freshwater habitats	91
85	Plants of marine, estuarine or brackish habitats	86
86*	Leaves elongated, filiform to linear, grass-like	87
86	Leaves elliptic to ± oblong	HYDROCHARITACEAE
87*	Leaves <8 mm wide, filiform to linear	88
87	Leaves >8 mm wide, linear	POSIDONIACEAE
88*	Flowers unisexual; flowers mostly sessile and solitary or in elongated inflorescences ± sessile in axils of leaves	89
88	Flowers bisexual; flowers in pairs, flowering peduncle >4 cm long	POTAMOGETONACEAE
89*	Plants of brackish or ephemeral saline pools (not marine); pollen grains ± globose	ZANNICHELLIACEAE
89	Plants marine; pollen grains thread-like	90
90*	Flowers in rows in a flattened spadix enclosed in a spathe; plants monoecious	ZOSTERACEAE
90	Flowers solitary; plants dioecious	CYMODOCEACEAE
91*	Leaves arising along stems	95
91	Leaves all basal	92
92*	Leaves with lamina soft, flattened, grass-like; plants flowering when mature but flowers usually not present in submerged immature growth	93
92	Leaves with lamina stiff, ± cylindrical; plants reproducing by spores, flowers never produced	ISOETACEAE
93*	Stolons never formed	94
93	Stolons present	HYDROCHARITACEAE
94*	Plants not producing a corm, roots superficial, arising from near leaf bases	HYDROCHARITACEAE
94	Plants producing a well-buried corm, leaves arising from the apex of the corm	APONOGETONACEAE
95*	Plants producing leaves with flattened lamina, leaves often flat, narrow, linear and grass-like; rarely lime-encrusted; mature plants producing flowers	96
95	Plants not producing flattened leaves; branches in whorls, secondary branches ± whorled and ± leaf-like; often encrusted with lime; plants not flowering, reproducing by spores	CHARACEAE
96*	Leaves opposite or whorled	100
96	Leaves alternate	97
97*	Leaves with basal sheath not extending above junction of sheath with lamina, no stipular sheath or ligule above but auricles sometimes present	99
97	Leaves with stipular sheath (or ligule) extending above junction of lamina and basal sheath	98
98*	Leaves with lamina mostly <1 mm wide; usually delicate annuals, stems weak; leaves with a stipular sheath	ZANNICHELLIACEAE
98	Leaves with lamina mostly >1 mm wide; perennials with rhizomes, often with tough stems; leaves with a stipular sheath or base of lamina stem-clasping	POTAMOGETONACEAE
99*	Leaves without auricles	CYPERACEAE
99	Leaves with 2 short auricles at base	POTAMOGETONACEAE
100*	Leaves usually whorled, lamina filiform or linear	103
100	Leaves opposite and lamina expanded	101
101*	Leaves with only 1 longitudinal vein visible or venation obscure; flowers bisexual	102
101	Leaves with 3 or more longitudinal veins arising from near the base of lamina and re-uniting below apex; flowers unisexual	CALLITRICHACEAE
102*	Leaves toothed and stem-clasping or entire with relatively long petioles, stipules absent	SCROPHULARIACEAE
102	Leaves entire, shortly petiolate with 2 stipules at base, lateral veins ending in minute glands	ELATINACEAE
103*	Leaves whorled, sessile, without an expanded sheath-like base	HYDROCHARITACEAE
103	Leaves opposite or ± whorled, lamina with a short, expanded sheath-like base	NAJADACEAE
104*	Plants neither climbing nor epiphytic nor parasitic on aerial parts of other plants	206
104	Plants either climbing, or epiphytic on other plants, or ± parasitic on the aerial parts of other plants	105
105*	Climbing or twining plants with roots in the soil	118
105	Epiphytes, parasites, or hemiparasites, plants not rooted in the soil	106
106*	Plants epiphytic but not parasitic on other plants	110
106	Rootless parasites or hemiparasites on the aerial parts of other plants	107
107*	Stems robust, parasitic on the branches of shrubs and trees, or parasitic on another parasite	109
107	Stems thread-like, leafless or almost so, forming Rtangled masses over the host and attached to the host by haustoria	108
108*	Stems green, green-red, or blackish, sometimes with brown scale leaves; usually parasitic on shrubs and trees; perianth of 6 similar segments in 2 whorls of 3	LAURACEAE
108	Stems yellowish or reddish; usually parasitic on herbs; calyx and corolla distinct, with 5 segments in each whorl	CONVOLVULACEAE
109*	Flowers unisexual, <2 mm long; either stems angular, or flattened and ± leafless, or stems terete and leaves broad and stellate-tomentose	VISCACEAE
109	Flowers bisexual, >20 mm long; stems ± terete and leaves either terete to linear, or broad and glabrous to tomentose but hairs not stellate	LORANTHACEAE
110*	Leaves alternate, sometimes crowded and appearing whorled	113
110	Leaves opposite or whorled	111
111*	Leaves entire; leaves at each node of similar size; inflorescence many-flowered	112
111	Leaves toothed; one leaf at each node generally much smaller than the other; flowers solitary	GESNERIACEAE
112*	Climbers; leaves thick and leathery; inflorescence umbellate; flowers >5 mm diam	APOCYNACEAE
112	Epiphytic herbs; leaves ± fleshy; inflorescence spicate; flowers <2 mm diam	PIPERACEAE
113*	Leaves simple	114
113	Leaves compound, palmate or pinnate	ARALIACEAE
114*	Leaves not terete, venation apparent but with only 1 longitudinal vein (lateral veins often present also)	116
114	Either leaves with several longitudinal veins, or venation obscure, or leaves terete	115
115*	Leaves flat and with a constriction above the middle; pseudobulbs absent	ARACEAE
115	Leaves terete or without a constriction above middle of leaf; pseudobulbs with velamen often present	ORCHIDACEAE
116*	Leaves with only midvein apparent; lamina <10 mm wide and <30 mm long	PSILOPSIDA
116	Leaves with midvein and several prominent secondary veins; lamina >10 mm wide and >30 mm long	117
117*	Milky latex absent; stipules absent; generally epiphytic on treeferns	QUINTINIACEAE
117	Milky latex exudes from broken stems; stipules present; usually epiphytic on rainforest trees	MORACEAE
118*	Tendrils absent	130
118	Tendrils present	119
119*	Leaves with only one longitudinal vein or venation palmate, the fine venation reticulate	123
119	Leaves with 3 or more longitudinal veins, the main veins sometimes joined by a fine reticulum	120
120*	Apex of leaves not prolonged into a coil	122
120	Apex of leaves prolonged into a coil	121
121*	Leaves with a short petiole, sheath absent; flowers large, solitary	COLCHICACEAE
121	Leaves with a closed basal sheath; flowers small, inflorescence paniculate	FLAGELLARIACEAE
122*	Tendrils on stem opposite the leaves, solitary; longitudinal veins not conspicuously joined by fine reticulum; inflorescence paniculate; fruit red	PETERMANNIACEAE
122	Tendrils borne on petiole, paired; 3 or 5 longitudinal veins joined by obvious fine reticulum; inflorescence umbel-like; fruit black	SMILACACEAE
123*	Leaves simple, often deeply lobed	128
123	Leaves compound	124
124*	Leaves compound with an odd number of pinnae (3–9), leaves palmate, biternate, pedate or palmately 3-foliolate	127
124	Leaves pinnately compound with an even number of pinnae (2–20)	125
125*	Leaves with 2 pinnae; stamens 4; fruit a 2-valved follicle, seeds winged	BIGNONIACEAE
125	Leaves with 4–20 pinnae; stamens 10 or 5; fruit a legume or capsule, seeds not winged	126
126*	Stipules absent; flowers solitary and >5 cm long; stamens 5; fruit a capsule	COBAEACEAE
126	Stipules present; flowers in racemes or solitary and <3 cm long; stamens 10; fruit a legume	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
127*	Tendrils associated with inflorescence; leaves biternate with 9 pinnae; fruit an inflated capsule	SAPINDACEAE
127	Tendrils opposite leaves; palmate, pedate or 3-foliolate, pinnae usually 3–7; fruit a berry	VITACEAE
128*	Tendrils in leaf axils or beside or below the petiole base; leaves palmately veined; domatia usually absent	129
128	Tendrils opposite leaves; leaves pinnately veined; domatia regularly present	VITACEAE
129*	Tendrils beside or below the base of the petiole, often branched; petioles without glands; flowers unisexual, ovary inferior	CUCURBITACEAE
129	Tendrils strictly axillary, unbranched; petioles usually with raised glands; flowers bisexual, ovary superior	PASSIFLORACEAE
130*	Leaves simple or 1-foliolate (sometimes apparently absent)	142
130	Leaves compound with 2 or more pinnae	131
131*	Leaves pinnate or palmate	135
131	Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate or leaves ternately divided	132
132*	Prickles absent	133
132	Prickles present on stems and on rachises of leaves	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
133*	Petioles and petiolules often twining; leaves <30 cm long; pinnae usually 9–45	134
133	Rachis of leaves twining; leaves trailing and to several metres long; pinnae very numerous	FILICOPSIDA
134*	Leaves alternate, pinnately divided	FUMARIACEAE
134	Leaves opposite, ternately divided	RANUNCULACEAE
135*	Leaves alternate	138
135	Leaves opposite or rarely whorled	136
136*	Leaves with 3 pinnae	137
136	Leave with 2 or 5–17 pinnae, rarely 3 or more than 13	BIGNONIACEAE
137*	Petioles and petiolules short and not twining; domatia often present	OLEACEAE
137	Petioles and petiolules elongated and often twining around supports; domatia absent	RANUNCULACEAE
138*	Prickles absent	140
138	Prickles present on stems and leaves	139
139*	Pinnae pinnately veined; prickles hooked, coarse; leaves palmate or pinnate, <20 cm long	ROSACEAE
139	Pinnae with longitudinal veins; prickles ± straight, fine; leaves pinnate, often >50 cm long	ARECACEAE
140*	Stipules and stipels absent; fruit a berry or drupe; pinnae 3–9	141
140	Stipules and stipels usually present, at least visible on young shoots; fruit a legume; pinnae 1–19	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
141*	Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate with distinct pinnae on lower rachis and a terminal segment often deeply lobed; petiole smooth	SOLANACEAE
141	Leaves with pinnae all similar, usually 3, rarely 4 or 5; petiole scabrous with bristly hairs	ARALIACEAE
142*	Leaves opposite or occasionally whorled	186
142	Leaves alternate	143
143*	Prickles and spines absent	149
143	Prickles or spines present	144
144*	Leaves normally developed and ± persistent, not ± succulent	146
144	Plants apparently leafless or leaves ± succulent and falling relatively early	145
145*	Spines not clustered, stems not succulent but often ending in spines; flowers in globose heads, <1 cm long	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
145	Stems either succulent and with groups of small spines at regular intervals over surface of swollen stems or numerous spines clustered on older stems; flowers ± solitary, >3 cm long	CACTACEAE
146*	Main veins pinnate	147
146	Leaves with 3 or 5 longitudinal veins	RIPOGONACEAE
147*	Prickles present on stem or at base of petiole	148
147	Axillary spines present	MORACEAE
148*	Leaves entire; stipules spinescent	CAPPARACEAE
148	Leaves 3–5-lobed; stipules present, linear, not spinescent	ROSACEAE
149*	Plants with normally developed ± persistent leaves, not climbing by adventitious roots	157
149	Either leaves apparently absent (reduced to scales, falling early or very sparse) or plants climbing by adventitious roots	150
150*	Leaves not scale-like, either normally-developed, or apparently absent; adventitious roots usually present	154
150	Leaves scale-like; adventitious roots sometimes present	151
151*	Stems not thread-like, not forming tangled masses over the host, leaves scale-like or falling early, haustoria absent	153
151	Stems thread-like, leafless or almost so, forming tangled masses over the host and attached to the host by haustoria (only seedlings rooted in soil)	152
152*	Stems green, green-red, or blackish, sometimes with brown scale leaves; usually parasitic on shrubs and trees; perianth of 6 similar segments in 2 whorls	LAURACEAE
152	Stems yellowish or reddish; usually parasitic on herbs; calyx and corolla distinct, with 5 segments in each whorl	CONVOLVULACEAE
153*	Milky latex absent; adventitious roots present	ORCHIDACEAE
153	Milky latex exudes from broken stems; adventitious roots absent	EUPHORBIACEAE
154*	Aerial roots present, stems sometimes twining; leaves abundant, not lamina linear to elliptic or oblanceolate and margins entire	155
154	Aerial roots absent, stems twining; leaves either apparently absent, or if present then sparse and lamina linear to elliptic or oblanceolate and margins entire	POLYGALACEAE
155*	Leaves without a constriction above the middle; leaf base not sheathing, petiole present	156
155	Leaves with a constriction above the middle; leaf base sheathing	ARACEAE
156*	Leaves palmately 3–5-lobed; stipules absent	ARALIACEAE
156	Leaves entire; stipules present on young stems and leaving a scar encircling the stem at each node	PIPERACEAE
157*	Leaves pinnately or palmately veined	161
157	Leaves with 3–many longitudinal veins	158
158*	Leaves without base sheathing stem; margins entire	159
158	Leaves with base sheathing stem; margins with small spinescent teeth near base of leaves	PANDANACEAE
159*	Leaves with 3–7 widely spaced longitudinal veins	160
159	Leaves with many closely spaced ± parallel veins	LUZURIAGACEAE
160*	Petioles slender and relatively long; leaves with base of lamina hastate or cordate; leaves always alternate	DIOSCOREACEAE
160	Petioles stout and rather short; leaves with base of lamina rounded or tapering into petiole; most leaves usually regularly whorled or opposite	RIPOGONACEAE
161*	Leaves not ± triangular, if leaves toothed then base not cordate	164
161	Leaves ± triangular and margins regularly toothed to finely crenate, base generally cordate	162
162*	Leaves and stems ± glabrous; ocreae present at nodes	POLYGONACEAE
162	At least young stems, petioles and lower surface of leaves hairy; ocreae (sheaths of fused stipules) absent	163
163*	Stems and petioles with scattered, bristly, stinging hairs; petioles not twining	EUPHORBIACEAE
163	Stems and leaves softly and densely hairy; petioles of many leaves twining	SCROPHULARIACEAE
164*	Leaves with petiole less than half as long as lamina; lamina linear to ovate to oblanceolate, rarely base cordate, margins generally entire, occasionally toothed, crenate or lobed; venation pinnate, rarely obscurely 3-veined from base	170
164	Leaves with petiole more than half as long as lamina; lamina ovate to ± circular, margins entire, lobed or angled and base often cordate; venation palmate or prominently 3-veined from near base	165
165*	Flowers not in heads surrounded by bracts; leaves palmately lobed or 2- or 3-angled	166
165	Flowers in heads surrounded by herbaceous involucral bracts; leaves palmately 5–7-angled	ASTERACEAE
166*	Flowers unisexual; inflorescence with many flowers, axillary	169
166	Flowers bisexual, solitary or a few together, axillary or terminal	167
167*	Leaves not peltate; flowers not spurred	168
167	Leaves peltate; flowers spurred	TROPAEOLACEAE
168*	Perianth segments free; milky latex absent; leaves glabrous and margins either entire or with 1 or 2 angles; base of lamina not cordate	FLACOURTIACEAE
168	Corolla tubular; a small amount of milky latex present; either leaves hairy or margins palmately lobed or base sagittate or hastate; base of lamina usually cordate	CONVOLVULACEAE
169*	Ovary superior; carpels free or 1; fruit a drupe, not deeply angled	MENISPERMACEAE
169	Ovary inferior; carpels fused, 3; fruit a capsule, deeply 3-angled	DIOSCOREACEAE
170*	Margins of leaves entire	174
170	Margins of leaves toothed, crenate or deeply lobed	171
171*	Woody climbers or twiners, lenticels raised and obvious on stem; flowers <5 mm diam	173
171	Herbaceous climbers, lenticels absent; flowers >15 mm diam	172
172*	Leaves deeply lobed, petiolate; flowers white to pale blue	SOLANACEAE
172	Leaves toothed to crenate, ± sessile with base encircling stem; flowers yellow	DILLENIACEAE
173*	Leaves not scabrous; teeth usually regular and fine, margins often ± crenate; latex absent	CELASTRACEAE
173	Leaves scabrous below; teeth coarse and irregular; milky latex sometimes present	MORACEAE
174*	Petioles not thickened and twisted, lacking a distinct joint or pulvinus-like swelling at the apex, either absent or very short or if longer then not rigid	177
174	Petioles with a distinct joint or pulvinus-like swelling at the apex or petioles thickened and twisted	175
175*	Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic	MENISPERMACEAE
175	Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic	176
176*	Petioles with stipels and a joint near apex (leaf 1-foliolate); petiole base not expanded; corolla not tubular	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
176	Petioles without stipels and joint near apex; petiole base expanded into a horizontal ridge extending three-quarters of the way around the stem; corolla tubular	ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
177*	Leaves usually not oblanceolate, base not sheathing the stem	178
177	Leaves oblanceolate and tapering into the base, base sheathing the stem	DILLENIACEAE
178*	Leaves glabrous or almost so (sometimes stellate hairs present on new growth)	180
178	Leaves hairy	179
179*	Mature leaves >5 cm long, petiole >1 cm long; woody climbers	AMARANTHACEAE
179	Mature leaves <5 cm long, sessile or petiole <1 cm long; small twining plants	PITTOSPORACEAE
180*	Leaves not fleshy, linear to ovate, base not cordate; axillary tubers absent	181
180	Leaves ± fleshy, ± broad-ovate, base cordate; axillary tubers borne at some nodes	BASELLACEAE
181*	Leaves lacking such dots	182
181	Leaves with translucent or opaque dots scattered over lower leaf surface	MYRSINACEAE
182*	Leaves not scabrous; stellate scales sometimes present	183
182	Leaves scabrous on lower surface; stellate scales absent	MORACEAE
183*	Stellate scales absent; scrambling shrubs or twiners, rarely in rainforest; inland or coastal regions	184
183	Brown stellate scales on young stems; tall climbers in coastal rainforest north from Dorrigo	ANNONACEAE
184*	Petioles >10 mm long; coastal species, sometimes in or near rainforest	SOLANACEAE
184	Petioles <10 mm long; widespread, rarely in rainforest	185
185*	Flowers mostly present, zygomorphic, >5 mm diam.; twining shrubs, widespread	POLYGALACEAE
185	Flowers mostly absent, if present actinomorphic, <5 mm diam.; scrambling shrub of inland areas	RHAMNACEAE
186*	Leaves not whorled, scale-like and subtending linear to ovate cladodes in the axils	187
186	Leaves whorled, scale-like and subtending linear to ovate cladodes in the axils	ASPARAGACEAE
187*	Prickles or spines absent	191
187	Prickles or spines present	188
188*	Prickles scattered on stems	190
188	Spines present at many nodes	189
189*	Milky latex absent; spines often curved	NYCTAGINACEAE
189	Milky latex exudes from broken stems and petioles; spines straight	APOCYNACEAE
190*	Stems not angled; leaves with 3 or 5 main longitudinal veins, margins entire	RIPOGONACEAE
190	Stems 4-angled; leaves pinnately veined, margins toothed	VERBENACEAE
191*	Leaves at each node similar in size	192
191	Leaves at each node unequal in size	GESNERIACEAE
192*	Leaves without translucent oil dots, not aromatic when crushed	194
192	Leaves with numerous minute translucent oil dots, aromatic when crushed	193
193*	Rusty hairs present, especially on young stems and leaves; hypanthium not present, perianth in 2 whorls	TRIMENIACEAE
193	Rough stellate hairs present on stems and leaves; hypanthium present, perianth in 1 whorl	MONIMIACEAE
194*	Margins of adult leaves entire, sometimes juvenile leaves lobed or dissected	198
194	Margins of adult leaves crenate or toothed	195
195*	Leaves with only one main longitudinal vein	197
195	Leaves with 3–5 veins rising from base of lamina, base ± cordate	196
196*	Leaves hairy, dull above, not variegated in colour	ACANTHACEAE
196	Leaves glabrous or almost so, shiny above, central area of lamina pale green	RANUNCULACEAE
197*	Leaves very glossy above, moderately glossy below; stems twining in loose, elongated spirals	APHANOPETALACEAE
197	Leaves slightly glossy above, dull below; stems forming short coils and abrupt knot-like bends around supports	CELASTRACEAE
198*	Interpetiolar stipules absent or greatly reduced; domatia absent	199
198	Interpetiolar stipules present; domatia present on most leaves, sometimes minute	RUBIACEAE
199*	Petioles lacking such a joint	200
199	Petioles distinctly jointed a little above the base	OLEACEAE
200*	Stems not angled	201
200	Stems 4-angled	VERBENACEAE
201*	Milky or yellowish latex usually exudes from broken stems or petioles; stamens 5; flowers actinomorphic	204
201	Milky or clear latex absent; stamens 1–4 or if 5 then flowers strongly zygomorphic	202
202*	Leaves sagittate to hastate, glabrous	CHENOPODIACEAE
202	Leaves not lobed at base, hairy below	203
203*	Leaves smooth above, green below, hairs simple or glandular; flowers cream or yellow	CAPRIFOLIACEAE
203	Leaves wrinkled above, whitish with stellate hairs below; flowers mauve or yellow	BUDDLEJACEAE
204*	Upper surface of leaves without any raised glands (leaves never reduced and scale-like); pollen either granular or rarely aggregated into pollinia	205
204	Either upper surface of leaves with a cluster of 2–20 minute raised glands at the base of lamina (hand lens needed) or leaves reduced and scale-like; pollen aggregated into pollinia	APOCYNACEAE
205*	Pollen aggregated into pollinia	APOCYNACEAE
205	Pollen granular, not aggregated into pollinia	APOCYNACEAE
206*	Leaves present, not reduced to scales	230
206	Leaves apparently absent, often reduced to scales	207
207*	Chlorophyll present, stems sometimes with yellowish tinge if the plants are hemiparasitic on roots of other plants	210
207	Saprophytic or parasitic herbs, usually without chlorophyll; the stems yellow or purple	208
208*	Flowers actinomorphic; stamens 6 or rarely 3	THISMIACEAE
208	Flowers usually strongly zygomorphic; stamens 4 or 1	209
209*	Ovary superior; stamens 4	SCROPHULARIACEAE
209	Ovary inferior; stamen 1	ORCHIDACEAE
210*	Cladodes not succulent, either smooth or angular, sometimes flattened or winged	214
210	Cladodes succulent, often jointed	211
211*	Cladodes <8 mm diam., ± cylindrical, spines absent	212
211	Cladodes >10 mm diam., cylindrical, angular or flattened, bearing numerous spines	CACTACEAE
212*	Milky latex present; cladodes sometimes jointed; scrambling shrubs	213
212	Milky latex absent; cladodes jointed; erect or prostrate shrubs or subshrubs	CHENOPODIACEAE
213*	Leaves opposite; fruit a follicle 5–14 cm long, seeds numerous	APOCYNACEAE
213	Scale leaves alternate; fruit a capsule c. 4 mm long, seeds 3	EUPHORBIACEAE
214*	Cladodes or branchlets not winged, either terete or flattened	216
214	Cladodes winged or leaves reduced to spines	215
215*	Wings herbaceous to membranous; plants not spinose	ELAEOCARPACEAE
215	Wings on cladodes firm and brown; leaves reduced to spines	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
216*	Leaves not subtending leaf-like cladodes	217
216	Scale leaves subtending leaf-like cladodes, cladodes often clustered or whorled	ASPARAGACEAE
217*	Scale leaves (or leaf scars) alternate or opposite	218
217	Scale leaves in whorls of 4 or more and fused at the base	CASUARINACEAE
218*	Spines not regularly present on adult stems, but branches sometimes ending in spines or spines present on juvenile growth	220
218	Spines regularly present along adult stems	219
219*	Spines opposite	RHAMNACEAE
219	Spines alternate	RUTACEAE
220*	Leaves alternate	224
220	Leaves opposite	221
221*	Shrubs or subshrubs, not in swamps; flowers bisexual	222
221	Herbs in swamps; flowers unisexual	RUBIACEAE
222*	Flowers either <2 mm long, or >6 mm long; subshrubs, prostrate or erect; fruit red to orange, succulent; no leaves normally developed	223
222	Flowers 3–4 mm long; shrubs; fruit brownish, not succulent; at least some leaves normally-developed on plant	LAMIACEAE
223*	Prostrate subshrubs; flowers 1–2 mm long, greenish; high altitude species	SANTALACEAE
223	Erect subshrubs; flowers 8–10 mm long, white; western species	LOGANIACEAE
224*	Flowers bisexual, borne mainly towards the ends of branches (dead flower parts not usually persistent)	225
224	Flowers unisexual, borne in clusters at almost every node over the whole plant (dead flower parts usually persistent)	EUPHORBIACEAE
225*	Ovary superior, but fruiting pedicel neither enlarged nor succulent	226
225	Either ovary inferior, or ovary superior and then fruiting pedicel enlarged and often succulent	SANTALACEAE
226*	Leaves not scale leaves encircling stem and usually more than a few millimetres apart; flowers and inflorescences not large terminal panicles	227
226	Scale leaves encircling stem and usually a few millimetres apart; flowers small, pink and in large terminal panicles	TAMARICACEAE
227*	Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic	229
227	Flowers bisexual, strongly zygomorphic	228
228*	Flowers yellow, orange or rarely purple; sepals not petaloid, shortly tubular and ± equal; fruit a legume	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
228	Flowers blue; inner 2 sepals large and petaloid; fruit a capsule	POLYGALACEAE
229*	Shrubs with tangled branches; flowers in interrupted, spike-like racemes; fruit an indehiscent nut	POLYGONACEAE
229	Shrubs or small trees 1–4 m high; flowers solitary or in short, few-flowered racemes; fruit a berry	CAPPARACEAE
230*	Leaves alternate or opposite or leaf solitary	254
230	Leaves consistently whorled	231
231*	Herbs or prostrate or hemispherical subshrubs	248
231	Woody plants, trees or erect shrubs	232
232*	Neither milky latex nor coloured resin exudes from cut or broken twigs or petioles	234
232	Milky latex or coloured resin exudes from cut or broken twigs or petioles	233
233*	Yellowish to red resin exudes from cut stems or petioles	MYRTACEAE
233	Milky latex exudes from cut stems or petioles	APOCYNACEAE
234*	Leaves with only 1 main longitudinal vein	235
234	Leaves with 5–7 main longitudinal veins	ERICACEAE-STYPHELIOIDEAE
235*	Leaves either >6 cm long or if 3–6 cm long then rigid and pungent-pointed	243
235	Leaves either <3 cm long, or if 3–6 cm long then neither rigid nor pungent-pointed	236
236*	Whorls with 5–7 leaves	242
236	Whorls usually with 3 or 4 leaves	237
237*	Leaves >6 mm long or if less then not ± terete	238
237	Leaves 3–6 mm long and ± terete	ERICACEAE
238*	Stems not 4-angled	239
238	Stems 4-angled	LAMIACEAE
239*	Leaves in whorls of 4 (rarely 3 or 5)	ELAEOCARPACEAE
239	Leaves in whorls of 3, rarely more	240
240*	Plants never white-tomentose; leaves mostly petiolate, if sessile then plants glabrous or hairy	241
240	Plants ± white-tomentose; leaves sessile	LAMIACEAE
241*	Fruit a drupe; flowers actinomorphic	PROTEACEAE
241	Fruit a legume; flowers zygomorphic	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
242*	Whorls with 5–7 leaves (phyllodes); fruit a legume	FABACEAE - MIMOSOIDEAE
242	Whorls consistently with 6 `leaves' (actually 2 sessile 3-foliolate leaves); fruit a capsule	CUNONIACEAE
243*	Leaves scleromorphic	246
243	Leaves mesomorphic	244
244*	Stipular sheaths absent	245
244	Stipular sheaths present on apex of shoots	RUBIACEAE
245*	Stems angular; terminal buds not scaly	VERBENACEAE
245	Stems terete; terminal buds scaly	PITTOSPORACEAE
246*	Terminal buds not scaly; all leaves whorled, entire or toothed	247
246	Terminal buds scaly; juvenile leaves whorled, toothed, adult leaves alternate, entire	CORYNOCARPACEAE
247*	Stipules absent; leaves not glaucous below; inflorescence racemose or flowers in heads surrounded by bracts	PROTEACEAE
247	Interpetiolar stipules present; leaves glaucous below; flowers in separated, dense, ± globose clusters	CUNONIACEAE
248*	Leaves not succulent; leaves opposite or in whorls of 2 to many	250
248	Leaves succulent and either terete or about as wide as long; leaves usually in whorls of 4	249
249*	Leaves flat, about as long as wide, 5–15 mm long; flowers naked	PIPERACEAE
249	Leaves terete, 3–7 mm long; calyx and corolla present	FRANKENIACEAE
250*	Leaves in whorls of 4 or more, sometimes some in 3s; flowers usually greenish to white, mostly <5 mm long	251
250	Leaves regularly in whorls of 3 or leaves opposite; flowers purple to blue, c. 8–10 mm long	LYTHRACEAE
251*	Leaves not fused into a basal tube with only apices free; stems rarely grooved	252
251	Leaves fused into a basal tube with only apices free; stems longitudinally grooved	SPHENOPSIDA
252*	Stems not 4-angled; ovary superior	253
252	Stems 4-angled; ovary inferior	RUBIACEAE
253*	Sepals and petals present; stipules present	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
253	Perianth in 1 whorl; stipules absent	AIZOACEAE
254*	Leaves usually with parallel venation; vascular bundles closed, that is, no secondary thickening occurs; root system fibrous; flower parts usually in whorls of 3; embryo mostly with 1 cotyledon (monocots)	515
254	Leaves usually with reticulate venation; vascular bundles open, that is, secondary thickening occurs; taproot present, at least in seedlings; flower parts usually in whorls of 4 or 5; embryo mostly with 2 cotyledons (dicots)	255
255*	Leaves 1-foliolate or simple (sometimes lamina deeply lobed but not divided into discrete leaflets)	314
255	Leaves compound, with 2 or more distinct pinnae	256
256*	Leaves either 1-pinnate or palmate	268
256	Leaves either 2- or 3-pinnate or biternate	257
257*	Shrubs or trees	261
257	Herbs	258
258*	Ovary inferior; most flowers actinomorphic, rarely all zygomorphic	260
258	Ovary superior; flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic	259
259*	Flowers actinomorphic; fruit a follicle; leaves biternate	MALACEAE
259	Flowers zygomorphic; fruit a nut; leaves 2- or 3-pinnate	FUMARIACEAE
260*	Reduced pinnae or flaps of tissue absent (the lowest pinnae largest); flowers in umbels	APIACEAE
260	Upper part of petioles usually with reduced pinnae or flaps of tissue; flowers in heads	ASTERACEAE
261*	Pinnae without a terminal pinnule or segment	267
261	Pinnae with a terminal pinnule or segment	262
262*	Leaves without jointed rachis; ovary superior	263
262	Leaves with jointed rachis; ovary inferior or superior	570
263*	Pinnules entire	266
263	Pinnules toothed to subentire	264
264*	Leaves irregularly 2–4-pinnate; lower surface of leaves either hairy (hairs not stellate) or strongly glaucous; fruit dehiscent	265
264	Leaves regularly 2-pinnate; leaves glabrous except for stellate hairs on petioles; fruit an indehiscent drupe	MELIACEAE
265*	Fruit a follicle, glabrous; leaves irregularly 2–4-pinnate	PROTEACEAE
265	Fruit a capsule, covered with irritant hairs; leaves irregularly 2-pinnate	SAPINDACEAE
266*	Leaves with oil dots, lower surface either glabrous or with scattered hairs; leaves regularly or irregularly 2-pinnate	RUTACEAE
266	Leaves without oil dots, lower surface pale, silky; leaves deeply 2- or 3-pinnatifid	PROTEACEAE
267*	Flowers actinomorphic; spines and prickles present or absent	FABACEAE - MIMOSOIDEAE
267	Flowers zygomorphic; spines or prickles present	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
268*	Herbaceous plants	297
268	Trees and shrubs	269
269*	Leaves alternate	276
269	Leaves opposite, sometimes apparently whorled	270
270*	Oil dots absent, leaves not aromatic when crushed	271
270	Oil dots present in leaves, leaves aromatic when crushed	RUTACEAE
271*	Stipules absent	273
271	Interpetiolar stipules present	272
272*	Margins of pinnae entire; stipules resinous	CUNONIACEAE
272	Margins of pinnae toothed; stipules not resinous	CUNONIACEAE
273*	Leaves petiolate, 3–11-foliolate; pinnae 2–12 cm long	274
273	Leaves sessile, 3-foliolate; pinnae <1.5 cm long	CUNONIACEAE
274*	Leaves without glands on rachis	275
274	Leaves with small stalked glands on rachis between petiolules	ADOXACEAE
275*	Shrub in rainforest; fruit succulent, not winged	VERBENACEAE
275	Cultivated trees, sometimes naturalized; fruit dry, winged	ACERACEAE
276*	Either stipules absent or if stipules present then pinnae not regularly toothed	280
276	Stipules present and pinnae regularly toothed	277
277*	Prickles usually present; stipules ± linear; rachis not winged	ROSACEAE
277	Prickles absent	278
278*	Stipules not prominent, <3 mm wide; rachis not winged	MALACEAE
278	Stipules >1 cm wide; rachis winged	279
279*	Stipules fused and encircling the stem, >5 cm long; fruit capsular	MELIANTHACEAE
279	Stipules free, ± semicircular, 1–2 cm long; fruit drupaceous	CUNONIACEAE
280*	Fruit variable but neither a legume nor a samara; stipules absent or inconspicuous	283
280	Fruit a legume or samara; stipules mostly present on new growth but often shed early	281
281*	Fruit a samara	SIMAROUBACEAE
281	Fruit a legume	282
282*	Stamens 10, free or variously united, equal in size, all fertile	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
282	Stamens 10 and free, either unequal or some reduced and sterile	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
283*	Oil dots absent, leaves not aromatic when crushed	284
283	Oil dots present in leaves, leaves aromatic when crushed	RUTACEAE
284*	Leaves pinnately compound or if pinnae 3 then not silvery below	285
284	Leaves palmately compound with 5 or more pinnae or pinnae 3 and pinnae with silvery scales below	STERCULIACEAE
285*	Domatia absent	289
285	Domatia present, sometimes small and inconspicuous	286
286*	Petioles and stems not exuding a clear sap when cut; fruit usually a dehiscent capsule	287
286	Petioles and stems exuding a clear sap when cut; fruit an indehiscent drupe	ANACARDIACEAE
287*	Pinnae entire (rarely a few teeth in juveniles)	288
287	Pinnae regularly toothed	SAPINDACEAE
288*	Stamens not fused into a tube and seeds not winged; leaves mostly <10 leaflets and rachis ending in a terminal spur, true terminal leaflet absent, pinnae often subopposite	SAPINDACEAE
288	Either stamens fused into a tube or seeds winged; leaves either with >10 leaflets, or with a terminal pinna present, or pinnae opposite and rachis without a terminal spur	MELIACEAE
289*	Leaves without jointed rachis	290
289	Leaves with main rachis jointed at the point where the pinnae are attached, the pinnae usually opposite	ARALIACEAE
290*	Leaves without terminal spur on rachis (pinnae mostly opposite); fruit variable but not a winged capsule	291
290	Leaves with either a terminal spur at end of rachis (pinnae alternate, subopposite or opposite), or fruit a 2–6-winged capsule	SAPINDACEAE
291*	Pinnae (or leaves) with entire margins	295
291	Pinnae toothed, lobed or dissected	292
292*	Pinnae with blunt teeth or lobes; adult leaves usually <30 cm long	PROTEACEAE
292	Pinnae with spinose teeth; adult leaves usually >30 cm long	293
293*	Leaves pinnatisect in upper part; rachis winged	PROTEACEAE
293	Leaves pinnate throughout; rachis not winged	294
294*	Leaves with 5–13 pinnae, with a terminal pinna	BERBERIDACEAE
294	Leaves with 12–30 pinnae, without a terminal pinna	AKANIACEAE
295*	All leaves pinnate; fruit a drupe or capsule	296
295	Leaves pinnate and simple on the same shoot; fruit a follicle	PROTEACEAE
296*	Pinnae without a swelling at junction of petiolule and rachis, terminal pinna usually not present; fruit a capsule	MELIACEAE
296	Pinnae with an obvious swelling at junction of petiolule with rachis, terminal pinna always present; fruit a drupe	BURSERACEAE
297*	Leaves palmate or pinnate with a terminal pinna	299
297	Leaves pinnate without a terminal pinna	298
298*	Leaves alternate; paired stipules usually present at base of each petiole; pinnae >2	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
298	Leaves opposite; stipules interpetiolar; pinnae 2–24	ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
299*	Leaves without oil glands	300
299	Leaves dotted with oil glands	RUTACEAE
300*	Leaves not with 3 pinnae arranged at the apex of a relatively long petiole; pinnae not obcordate, margins not entire; fruit various, rarely a capsule	301
300	Leaves with 3 pinnae arranged at the apex of a relatively long petiole; pinnae ± obcordate, margins entire; fruit a capsule	OXALIDACEAE
301*	Leaves pinnate with 3 or more pinnae, petiolule of terminal pinna longer than those of lateral pinnae	305
301	Leaves palmate with 3–11 pinnae, petiolule of terminal pinna ± as long as petiolules of lateral pinnae	302
302*	Leaves regularly divided into pinnae, margins entire or regularly toothed	303
302	Leaves irregularly palmately dissected, pinnae irregularly lobed	RANUNCULACEAE
303*	Pinnae toothed, stipules not spinescent	304
303	Either pinnae entire or stipules spinescent, the pinnae usually with glandular hairs	CAPPARACEAE
304*	Flowers bisexual, >10 mm diam.; stipules fused to petiole	ROSACEAE
304	Flowers unisexual, <5 mm diam.; stipules not fused to petiole	CANNABACEAE
305*	Stipules absent, petioles sometimes dilated at the base	307
305	Stipules present	306
306*	Pinnae entire or with teeth <1 mm deep or pinnae lobed or deeply dissected; flowers zygomorphic	FABOIDEAE - FABOIDEAE
306	Pinnae toothed, the teeth >1 mm deep; flowers actinomorphic	ROSACEAE
307*	Flowers not in heads surrounded by involucral bracts; leaves not deeply pinnatisect	308
307	Flowers in heads surrounded by involucral bracts (leaves often deeply pinnatisect)	ASTERACEAE
308*	Pinnae more than 3; fruit not an achene	309
308	Pinnae 3, usually deeply dissected; fruit a cluster of achenes	RANUNCULACEAE
309*	Flowers not in umbels	311
309	Flowers in umbels or umbellate clusters	310
310*	Ovary superior	GERANIACEAE
310	Ovary inferior	APIACEAE
311*	Leaves neither succulent nor spinose	313
311	Leaves succulent or spinose	312
312*	Leaves spinose, alternate	POLEMONIACEAE
312	Leaves succulent, opposite	CRASSULACEAE
313*	Leaves not tasting like mustard; petals blue; stamens 5	HYDROPHYLLACEAE
313	Leaves tasting like mustard; petals mostly yellow or white; stamens usually 6	BRASSICACEAE
314*	Flowers not enclosed in an invaginated floral axis; fruit not a syconium or fig	315
314	Flowers enclosed in an invaginated floral axis; fruit multiple, a syconium or fig	MORACEAE
315*	Flowers either bisexual, or if unisexual then not arranged in a cyathium; white latex either absent or if rarely present then flowers bisexual	316
315	Flowers unisexual, arranged in a cyathium; white latex present	EUPHORBIACEAE
316*	Ocreae absent	317
316	Ocreae (sheaths of fused stipules) present around the petiole and stem	POLYGONACEAE
317*	Ovary inferior or half-inferior	478
317	Ovary superior or the flower naked	318
318*	Carpels fused or the carpel solitary, that is, ovary and fruit solitary	335
318	Carpels ± free, fruit usually separating into distinct carpels, that is, 2 or more ovaries present (sometimes carpels enclosed in hypanthium and `ovary' apparently solitary)	319
319*	Milky or yellowish latex absent	321
319	Milky or yellowish latex exudes from broken stems	320
320*	Pollen aggregated into pollinia; fruit a pair of green or brownish dehiscent follicles	APOCYNACEAE
320	Pollen granular, not aggregated into pollinia; fruit black or more often brightly coloured, mostly drupaceous, sometimes a pair of tardily dehiscent follicles	APOCYNACEAE
321*	Shrubs or trees	325
321	Herbs, sometimes trailing	322
322*	Petals free	324
322	Petals fused into a tube	323
323*	Leaves alternate	CONVOLVULACEAE
323	Leaves opposite	LAMIACEAE
324*	Carpels much more numerous than the petals; leaves usually alternate, not succulent	RANUNCULACEAE
324	Carpels equal in number to the petals; leaves opposite, succulent	CRASSULACEAE
325*	Leaves alternate, sometimes ± whorled	326
325	Leaves opposite	MONIMIACEAE
326*	Stamens >5 but not on an androgynophore	327
326	Either stamens 5 and alternate with 5 staminodes or stamens numerous and on an androgynophore	STERCULIACEAE
327*	Calyptras not formed; carpels not immersed in the receptacle	328
327	Sepals and petals modified into calyptras; carpels immersed in the receptacle	EUPOMATIACEAE
328*	Fruit otherwise; leaves without oil dots, not aromatic when crushed	330
328	Fruit a cluster of berries; leaves with fine oil dots and aromatic when crushed	329
329*	Flowers bisexual; fruit orange to red; leaves not tasting like pepper	ANNONACEAE
329	Flowers mostly unisexual; fruit blue to blackish; leaves tasting like pepper	WINTERACEAE
330*	Stamens hypogynous	332
330	Stamens perigynous	331
331*	Receptacles saucer-shaped; fruit a cluster of follicles	MALACEAE
331	Receptacles urn-shaped and almost enclosing carpels; fruit a number of individual achenes enclosed in a false fruit or `hip'	ROSACEAE
332*	Individual fruit not dehiscent, drupes; carpels often united by their common style	333
332	Individual fruit dehiscent, follicles; carpels always completely free	DILLENIACEAE
333*	Leaves entire; individual drupes either red, orange or brownish, receptacle neither swollen nor red	334
333	Leaves toothed; individual black drupes seated on swollen red receptacle	OCHNACEAE
334*	Leaves mostly >5 cm long and with >10 pairs of secondary veins; coastal species	SIMAROUBACEAE
334	Leaves usually <5 cm long and with <10 pairs of secondary veins; western species	SURIANACEAE
335*	Fertile stamens to twice as many as sepals	356
335	Fertile stamens more than twice as many as sepals	336
336*	Leaves opposite	354
336	Leaves alternate	337
337*	Leaves not modified into phyllodes; carpels 1 or more; fruit neither a legume nor lomentum	338
337	Leaves modified to phyllodes, identified by the extrafloral nectary on the upper edge; carpel 1; fruit a legume or a lomentum	FABACEAE - MIMOSOIDEAE
338*	All flowers bisexual	343
338	Either all flowers unisexual or unisexual and bisexual flowers occurring together in the same inflorescence	339
339*	Sepals or perianth otherwise; carpel 1 or 3–indefinite; leaves not tasting like pepper	340
339	Sepals fused and enclosing the bud, splitting into 2 or 3 lobes; carpel 1; leaves tasting like pepper	WINTERACEAE
340*	Carpels 1, or >3 (rarely 3 and with 1 style)	341
340	Carpels 3, fused; styles 3	EUPHORBIACEAE
341*	Either sepals or petals absent; carpels solitary or >3 and then united around a central column	342
341	Sepals and petals present; carpels 4 or 5, rarely 3, central column absent	EBENACEAE
342*	Perianth sepaloid, 2–3 mm long; carpel solitary; fruit covered by spines	PHYTOLACCACEAE
342	Perianth represented by blunt teeth; carpels 4–7 or >20, united around a central column; fruit without spines	GYROSTEMONACEAE
343*	Carpels >2, fused together; fruit variable	344
343	Carpel solitary; fruit a drupe	AMYGDALACEAE
344*	Carpels fused throughout, except sometimes in upper style and stigma	346
344	Carpels incompletely fused, either free at the apex or carpels united only by their gynobasic style	345
345*	Carpels united only by their gynobasic style	OCHNACEAE
345	Carpels free at the apex, ovules and seeds visible	RESEDACEAE
346*	Filaments free or almost so, not forming a tube	347
346	Filaments of stamens fused, forming a tube around the styles, stigmas protruding above the tube	MALVACEAE
347*	Sepals 4 or more	349
347	Sepals 2 or 3, sometimes united into a calyptra	348
348*	Flowers in few- to many-flowered cymes, cymose panicles or heads, rarely solitary in leaf axils; placentation basal or free-central	PORTULACACEAE
348	Flowers solitary on long scapes; placentation parietal	PAPAVERACEAE
349*	Ovary ± sessile	350
349	Ovary on a gynophore	CAPPARACEAE
350*	Erect shrubs; leaves >5 mm wide	352
350	Rigid spreading shrubs; leaves <5 mm wide	351
351*	Leaves entire, covered with appressed hairs	NITRARIACEAE
351	Leaves deeply and irregularly pinnatisect, glabrous	PEGANACEAE
352*	Placentation axile; leaf margins usually finely or coarsely toothed	353
352	Placentation parietal; leaf margins entire or bluntly angular	FLACOURTIACEAE
353*	Anthers opening by longitudinal slits	TILIACEAE
353	Anthers opening by terminal valves or pores	ELAEOCARPACEAE
354*	Herbs or small shrubs	355
354	Shrubs or trees	MONIMIACEAE
355*	Leaves not gland-dotted, succulent or often greyish and apparently whorled	AIZOACEAE
355	Leaves gland-dotted, not succulent, bright green	HYPERICACEAE
356*	Perianth in 2 whorls	387
356	Perianth in 1 whorl or the flower naked	357
357*	Flowers with perianth present	360
357	Flowers naked, perianth absent	358
358*	Herbs with opposite leaves	358
358	Trees with alternate leaves; flowers in catkins	SALICACEAE
359*	Flowers unisexual, axillary, solitary or in pairs	CALLITRICHACEAE
359	Flowers bisexual, in dense terminal spikes	PIPERACEAE
360*	Perianth segments herbaceous or petaloid	361
360	Perianth segments scarious	AMARANTHACEAE
361*	Stamens <8	371
361	Stamens 8–10	362
362*	Leaves alternate and/or radical	365
362	Leaves opposite	363
363*	Trees or shrubs	364
363	Herbs	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
364*	Flowers with hypanthium or perianth about as long as the ovary; leaves >6 cm long	CUNONIACEAE
364	Flowers with tubular hypanthium, several times longer than ovary; leaves usually <6 cm long	THYMELAEACEAE
365*	Flowers bisexual	368
365	Flowers unisexual	366
366*	Style branched or styles as many as the carpels; fruit not a winged capsule	367
366	Style simple; fruit a winged capsule	SAPINDACEAE
367*	Carpels 2 or >3 and united around a central column; styles free, 2–7, or fused and 4–7-branched; fruit 2- or >3-lobed	GYROSTEMONACEAE
367	Carpels 3, fused, styles 3; fruit usually 3-lobed	EUPHORBIACEAE
368*	Carpels usually 3–5	369
368	Carpels 8–10	PHYTOLACCACEAE
369*	Shrubs or small trees	370
369	Herbs or subshrubs	AIZOACEAE
370*	Plants of inland areas; seeds with a fleshy red aril	SAPINDACEAE
370	Plants of coastal areas; seeds without arils	FLACOURTIACEAE
371*	Style simple, unbranched (stigma sometimes lobed)	376
371	Styles 2 or more, or the style branched	372
372*	Ovary 1-locular	373
372	Ovary usually 3-locular, rarely 2–7-locular	EUPHORBIACEAE
373*	Trees, shrubs or herbs with leaves alternate (rarely opposite, and if so, without stipules, the leaf bases not fused and hairs tubercled)	374
373	Herbs with opposite leaves, the leaf bases usually fused; stipules sometimes present; glabrous or with a few simple hairs	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
374*	Herbs or small shrubs; widespread, rarely in rainforest	CHENOPODIACEAE
374	Shrubs or trees; mostly in or near rainforest	375
375*	Fruit crowded and forming a multiple fruit; leaves not 3-veined from base	MORACEAE
375	Fruit solitary or paired, drupaceous; leaves usually 3-veined from base	ULMACEAE
376*	Perianth not tubular (sometimes fused at the base and forming a shallow cup)	381
376	Perianth tubular (at least in bud) or tubular hypanthium present	377
377*	Stamens mostly 2–5, sometimes 6–8; calyx not a cup which enlarges in fruit	378
377	Stamens always 6; petals 6; calyx represented by a cup which enlarges in fruit	OLACACEAE
378*	Otherwise	379
378	Upper part of perianth tube falling, the lower part persisting and enclosing the fruit	NYCTAGINACEAE
379*	Stamens >3; not inserted on the rim of a tubular hypanthium	380
379	Stamens 2; inserted on the rim of the tubular hypanthium	THYMELAEACEAE
380*	Herbs or subshrubs; stamens alternating with the perianth segments	AIZOACEAE
380	Trees or shrubs; stamens opposite to and fused with the perianth segments	PROTEACEAE
381*	Stamens alternating with the perianth segments	383
381	Stamens opposite the perianth segments	382
382*	Shrubs with entire leaves (glabrous or hairy but without stinging hairs)	SANTALACEAE
382	Either trees or tall shrubs with toothed leaves, often with stinging hairs, or herbs sometimes with stinging hairs	URTICACEAE
383*	Leaves alternate; small trees, shrubs or subshrubs	384
383	Leaves opposite; herbs	AIZOACEAE
384*	Leaves glabrous or hairy with simple hairs	385
384	Leaves with a rusty stellate tomentum	STERCULIACEAE
385*	Flowers bisexual; fruit dry, winged	RHAMNACEAE
385	Flowers unisexual; fruit succulent, not winged	386
386*	Subshrubs; leaves without domatia	PHYTOLACCACEAE
386	Trees; leaves with domatia	PENNANTIACEAE
387*	Petals fused into a tube, rarely split down one side or at base	435
387	Petals free	388
388*	Flowers actinomorphic	397
388	Flowers zygomorphic	389
389*	Sepals or perianth segments 4 or 5; shrubs or herbs, but not with semisucculent, highly dissected leaves	390
389	Sepals 2; soft herbs with semisucculent, highly dissected leaves	FUMARIACEAE
390*	Sepals not with two large and petaloid lateral sepals	391
390	Two lateral sepals large and petaloid	POLYGALACEAE
391*	Herbs or shrubs, rarely with spines and then fruit a legume; flowers strongly zygomorphic	392
391	Shrubs with stout spines and fruit a berry <5 mm long; flowers very slightly zygomorphic	VIOLACEAE
392*	Stamens and staminodes when present totalling 10; uppermost sepal sometimes spurred	394
392	Stamens 5, all fertile, staminodes absent; either sepal or petal spurred	393
393*	Petals not spurred, uppermost sepal spurred; leaves ± succulent; semisucculent shrubs	BALSAMINACEAE
393	Lowermost petal spurred at base, sepals not spurred; leaves not succulent; herbs or shrubs	VIOLACEAE
394*	Carpel 1; uppermost sepal not spurred	396
394	Carpels 3 or 5; uppermost sepal often spurred	395
395*	Carpels 5; leaves not peltate	GERANIACEAE
395	Carpels 3; leaves peltate	TROPAEOLACEAE
396*	Petals ± similar in size and shape, posterior petal innermost, petals usually not fused	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
396	Petals dissimilar in size and shape, consisting of one large posterior standard, inserted to the outside of 2 lateral wings and 2 fused segments (keel) that enclose the stamens	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
397*	Herbs	423
397	Woody plants	398
398*	Leaves without oil dots, not distinctly aromatic when crushed	400
398	Leaves with oil dots, leaves aromatic when crushed	399
399*	Fruit drupaceous; flowers 1–2 mm long; disc absent; oil dots minute	LAURACEAE
399	Fruit a capsule or berry; flowers >3 mm long: disc present between stamens and ovary; oil dots relatively large	RUTACEAE
400*	Disc absent	402
400	Disc present between the stamens and the ovary	401
401*	Stamens 4 or 5	CELASTRACEAE
401	Stamens 8–12	SIMAROUBACEAE
402*	Either all flowers bisexual or rarely some unisexual	404
402	All flowers unisexual	403
403*	Leaves with spinose teeth and glossy; fruit drupaceous	AQUIFOLIACEAE
403	Leaves either entire or toothed to crenate, if teeth spinose then leaves not glossy and fruit a capsule; fruit usually capsular, rarely drupaceous or a berry	EUPHORBIACEAE
404*	Stamens >2	405
404	Stamens 2	OLEACEAE
405*	Stamens perigynous	422
405	Stamens hypogynous	406
406*	Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits	409
406	Anthers dehiscing by terminal pores or valves	407
407*	Stems without spines	408
407	Stems with 3-branched spines	BERBERIDACEAE
408*	Trees or tall shrubs; leaves >4 cm long	LAURACEAE
408	Small shrubs; leaves <2 cm long	ELAEOCARPACEAE
409*	Stamens 8 or 10	413
409	Stamens 4 or 5	410
410*	Staminodes absent	412
410	Stamens alternating with staminodes	411
411*	Leaves glabrous; fruit a drupe	CORYNOCARPACEAE
411	Leaves stellate-hairy; fruit a capsule	STERCULIACEAE
412*	Appendages absent; trees or spinose shrubs, spines fine; flowers actinomorphic	PITTOSPORACEAE
412	Anthers with a terminal appendage; shrubs with stout spines; flowers slightly zygomorphic	VIOLACEAE
413*	Leaves alternate	420
413	Leaves opposite	414
414*	Stipules absent; leaves palmately lobed, otherwise margins entire	ACERACEAE
414	Interpetiolar stipules present; leaves not lobed, margins toothed	CUNONIACEAE
420*	Leaves covered with appressed hairs; western species	NITRARIACEAE
420	Leaves glabrous; rainforest species	421
421*	Leaves usually >3.5 cm long; fruit black, >9 mm long; petals yellow	SURIANACEAE
421	Leaves usually <3.5 cm long; fruit red, <9 mm long; petals white	ERYTHROXYLACEAE
422*	Stamens alternating with the petals; stipules absent	572
422	Stamens alternating with the sepal lobes; stipules present	RHAMNACEAE
423*	Sepals or outer perianth segments 4 or more	425
423	Sepals 2 or 3	424
424*	Sepals 3	ELATINACEAE
424	Sepals 2	PORTULACACEAE
425*	Flowers without hypanthium	426
425	Flowers with tubular hypanthium bearing 4–6 sepals, 4–6 appendages and 4–6 petals	LYTHRACEAE
426*	Flowers bisexual	427
426	Flowers unisexual	EUPHORBIACEAE
427*	Leaves without oil dots	428
427	Leaves dotted with oil glands	RUTACEAE
428*	Fruit a siliqua, silicula or capsule	429
428	Fruit a schizocarp splitting into awned mericarps	GERANIACEAE
429*	Leaves alternate	432
429	Leaves opposite (sometimes apparently whorled)	430
430*	Ovary 1-locular; leaves not Y-shaped	431
430	Ovary 2–5-locular; leaves Y-shaped	ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
431*	Placentation parietal; dwarf shrubs; leaves generally greyish because of salt encrusted on surface	FRANKENIACEAE
431	Placentation free-central; mostly herbs, rarely dwarf shrubs; leaves generally green, or if greyish then not salt encrusted	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
432*	Ovary with 2 or more loculi; plants either glabrous or hairy but hairs not glandular	433
432	Ovary 1-locular; leaves and stems with mixed glandular and non-glandular hairs	CAPPARACEAE
433*	Sepals and petals 5 or perianth in whorls of 5, stamens 5 or 8; fruit capsular	434
433	Sepals 4 and petals 4, stamens usually 6; fruit a siliqua or silicula	BRASSICACEAE
434*	Ovary 3-locular; flowers white or pinkish; leaves mostly basal	AIZOACEAE
434	Ovary 5-locular; flowers blue or yellow; leaves mostly cauline	LINACEAE
435*	Leaves opposite	462
435	Leaves alternate or all basal	436
436*	Stamens not epipetalous	454
436	Stamens epipetalous	437
437*	Cup absent; anthers not fused to each other	438
437	Stylar cup around the stigma; anthers fused to each other around style	GOODENIACEAE
438*	Flowers bisexual	439
438	Flowers unisexual	EBENACEAE
439*	Milky latex absent	440
439	Milky latex exudes from broken stems or petioles	APOCYNACEAE
440*	Either leaves not longitudinally veined, or if leaves with >1 longitudinal vein then leaves herbaceous	441
440	Shrubs with leaves longitudinally veined; leaves scleromorphic	ERICACEAE-STYPHELIOIDEAE
441*	Style terminal; tubercular hairs absent and plants not succulent; inflorescence not cymose	442
441	Style more or less gynobasic, the ovary lobed; either hairs tubercular, or plants glabrous and succulent; inflorescence cymose	BORAGINACEAE
442*	Stamens 5 or fewer, alternating with the corolla lobes	445
442	Fertile stamens 5, opposite the corolla lobes; 5 staminodes sometimes present also	443
443*	Staminodes absent	444
443	Staminodes 5, alternating with 5 stamens	SAPOTACEAE
444*	Trees or shrubs, if shrubs then glandular hairs absent and flowers <10 mm long	MYRSINACEAE
444	Herbs or scandent shrubs, if the latter then calyx glandular and flowers >10 mm long	PLUMBAGINACEAE
445*	Ovary with 2 or more loculi; leaves not dissected or underground leaves with insect-trapping bladders, plants not aquatic	447
445	Ovary 1-locular; ± semi-aquatic herbs either with radical leaves with long petiole and cordate to sagittate lamina, or underground dissected leaves with insect-trapping bladders	446
446*	Corolla 2-lipped; stamens 2; leaves with bladders	LENTIBULARIACEAE
446	Flowers actinomorphic; stamens 5; bladders absent	MENYANTHACEAE
447*	Inflorescence otherwise	449
447	Flowers in compact spikes	448
448*	Subshrubs with alternate leaves on branches; inflorescences often clustered near ends of branches	SELAGINACEAE
448	Herbs with leaves in basal rosettes; dense inflorescence solitary on long leafless scapes	PLANTAGINACEAE
449*	Ovary and placenta straight; flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic	450
449	Ovary (placenta) oblique in the flower; flowers usually actinomorphic or almost so	SOLANACEAE
450*	Shrubs or trees	453
450	Herbs, sometimes woody at base	451
451*	Stamens 5; flowers actinomorphic	452
451	Stamens 4; flowers zygomorphic, corolla usually 2-lipped (stamens 5 in Verbascum and the corolla yellow and the lobes slightly unequal)	SCROPHULARIACEAE
452*	Flowers >20 mm long, in many-flowered terminal inflorescences	POLEMONIACEAE
452	Flowers <15 mm long, solitary or in small axillary clusters	CONVOLVULACEAE
453*	Stamens 5; flowers actinomorphic	BORAGINACEAE
453	Stamens 4, sometimes with 1 staminode; corolla 2-lipped or flower ± actinomorphic	MYOPORACEAE
454*	Woody plants	458
454	Herbs	455
455*	Flowers actinomorphic	457
455	Flowers zygomorphic	456
456*	Fertile stamens 2 or 4; stylar cup absent; fruit a horned capsule, >2 cm long	MARTYNIACEAE
456	Stamens 5; stylar cup present; fruit a small capsule, <2 cm long, not horned	GOODENIACEAE
457*	Petals free at the base, fused above; either flowers in many-flowered spikes or racemes, or rarely flowers solitary and then plant prostrate; plants usually erect	STACKHOUSIACEAE
457	Petals shortly united into a basal tube; cymes few-flowered; prostrate plants	PORTULACACEAE
458*	Flowers bisexual or polygamous	459
458	Flowers unisexual	EBENACEAE
459*	Stamens 5 or 10, anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; calyx not enlarging in fruit	460
459	Stamens 10, anthers dehiscing by terminal pores; calyx enlarging in fruit	ERICACEAE
460*	Ovary usually 5-locular; stamens 10; stems and leaves covered with peltate scales	RUTACEAE
460	Ovary 1- or 2-locular; stamens 5	461
461*	Ovary incompletely 2-locular, ovules several; fruit dehiscing by 2 valves	PITTOSPORACEAE
461	Ovary 1-locular, ovules 2; fruit an indehiscent drupe	573
462*	Style terminal on the ovary; fruit variable, rarely of 4 nutlets	463
462	Style gynobasic or at least style arising between the 4 lobes of the ovary; fruit consisting of 4 nutlets	LAMIACEAE
463*	Corolla tube not split to base	464
463	Corolla tube split to base on one side	PORTULACACEAE
464*	Stamens equal in number to the corolla lobes or more numerous	471
464	Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes	465
465*	Stamens more than 2 or if 2 the flowers zygomorphic	466
465	Stamens 2 and the flowers actinomorphic	OLEACEAE
466*	Ovules numerous in each loculus; fruit dry	468
466	Ovary with 1 or 2 basal ovules per loculus; fruit either of 4 nutlets each with or without a succulent layer, or drupaceous	467
467*	Plants usually densely hairy; hairs much-branched	LAMIACEAE
467	Plants either glabrous or hairy and then hairs simple or T-shaped	VERBENACEAE
468*	Leaves without glandular hairs; fruit not hardened	470
468	Leaves with glandular hairs; fruit prominently hardened	469
469*	Fruit dehiscent, horned, >2 cm long	MARTYNIACEAE
469	Fruit indehiscent, without horns, <2 cm long	PEDALIACEAE
470*	Seeds not attached by hooked processes	SCROPHULARIACEAE
470	Seeds attached to placentas by hooked processes	ACANTHACEAE
471*	Milky or yellowish latex usually absent	473
471	Milky or yellowish latex exudes from cut or broken stems or petioles	472
472*	Pollen granular, not aggregated into pollinia; fruit a black or brightly coloured capsule, berry or drupe, rarely a pair of tardily dehiscent follicles	APOCYNACEAE
472	Pollen aggregated into 2–4 pollinia; fruit always a pair of dehiscent, green to brownish follicles (sometimes only 1 develops)	APOCYNACEAE
473*	Stamens epipetalous, 4–6	474
473	Stamens free, 8	RUTACEAE
474*	Stamens alternating with the corolla lobes	475
474	Stamens opposite the corolla lobes	MYRSINACEAE
475*	Corolla actinomorphic; stems rarely angular	477
475	Corolla zygomorphic (sometimes only slightly so); stems often angular	476
476*	Stamens 4–6, all similar; plants usually densely hairy; hairs much-branched	LAMIACEAE
476	Stamens 4, in pairs, filaments of unequal length; plants either glabrous or hairy and then hairs simple or T-shaped	VERBENACEAE
477*	Connection between petiole bases absent	GENTIANACEAE
477	Petiole bases connected by a raised line or flap of tissue	LOGANIACEAE
478*	Stylar cup absent; petals without a thickened strip	479
478	Style terminated by a cup that surrounds the stigma; petals usually with a thickened strip on the back	GOODENIACEAE
479*	Tendrils absent	480
479	Tendrils present on stems	CUCURBITACEAE
480*	Anthers free from one another and free from the style	483
480	Either anthers fused around the style, or the anthers sessile and fused to the style	481
481*	Anthers 2, sessile, fused to the style	STYLIDIACEAE
481	Stamens 3–5, the anthers fused around the style	482
482*	Flowers neither in heads nor surrounded by involucral bracts; burrs not formed	LOBELIACEAE
482	Flowers in heads and surrounded by an involucre of bracts, bracts sometimes fused and then forming a burr in fruit	ASTERACEAE
483*	Either leaves alternate or if leaves opposite then stipules absent or not interpetiolar	485
483	Leaves opposite and with interpetiolar stipules	484
484*	Petals free; margins of leaves toothed	CUNONIACEAE
484	Petals fused into a tube; margins of leaves entire	RUBIACEAE
485*	Flowers neither in heads nor in head-like umbels with an involucre of bracts	488
485	Flowers aggregated in either heads or head-like umbels with an involucre of bracts	486
486*	Leaves succulent	PORTULACACEAE
486	Leaves not succulent	487
487*	Leaves alternate	APIACEAE
487	Leaves opposite or ± whorled	DIPSACACEAE
488*	Leaves non-succulent; herbs, shrubs or trees	491
488	Leaves succulent or semisucculent; herbs or shrubs	489
489*	Corolla not differentiated, perianth present in 1 or 2 whorls, staminodes absent or more often numerous and petaloid	AIZOACEAE
489	Corolla present, 4–6-lobed	490
490*	Staminodes absent; flowers in few-flowered terminal or axillary cymes	PORTULACACEAE
490	Staminodes 5, not petaloid; flowers in terminal racemes	MYRSINACEAE
491*	Stamens 5 or fewer and oil dots absent from leaves	502
491	Either stamens >5 or if 5 then oil dots prominent in leaves (leaves usually aromatic when crushed)	492
492*	Leaves without obvious oil glands; calyptra usually not formed (except in some Myrtaceae)	494
492	Leaves dotted with oil glands; sepals and/or petals sometimes formed into a calyptra	493
493*	Stamens numerous, inner stamens sterile, petaloid, outer stamens fertile	EUPOMATIACEAE
493	Stamens 5–numerous, all similar, staminodes absent	MYRTACEAE
494*	Flowers bisexual; vegetative buds generally not scaly; stipules absent	495
494	Flowers unisexual; vegetative buds scaly, sharply pointed; stipules present	NOTHOFAGACEAE
495*	Style simple	497
495	Styles free, 2 or more	496
496*	Styles 2; leaves opposite or apparently whorled; fruit dry	CUNONIACEAE
496	Styles usually 5; leaves alternate; fruit usually fleshy	MALACEAE
497*	Stamens 10 or fewer; herbs or trees, not in rainforest	500
497	Stamens >10; shrubs or trees, various habitats	498
498*	Fruit dry, capsular; trees, rarely in rainforest	MYRTACEAE
498	Fruit ± succulent, drupaceous or a berry; shrubs or trees in rainforest	499
499*	Leaves opposite, entire	MYRTACEAE
499	Leaves alternate, toothed	SYMPLOCACEAE
500*	Stamens not all similar, 5 larger, filaments articulated	MELASTOMATACEAE
500	Stamens all similar, filaments not jointed	501
501*	Shrubs; perianth in 1 whorl; fruit a berry	LORANTHACEAE
501	Herbs; calyx and corolla present; fruit a capsule	ONAGRACEAE
502*	Flowers not in umbels; carpels variable	504
502	Flowers in umbels (sometimes 2-flowered in Xanthosia); carpels usually 2	503
503*	Epigynous disc not swelling; shrubs or trees, stellate-pubescent	ARALIACEAE
503	Epigynous disc usually swelling at the base of the styles on the fruit; mostly herbs, occasionally small shrubs; glabrous, or if pubescent not stellate-pubescent	APIACEAE
504*	Flowers larger and in expanded inflorescences or solitary and terminal	505
504	Flowers minute (1–2 mm long), in leaf axils	HALORAGACEAE
505*	Shrubs or trees; corolla neither blue to purple nor red	507
505	Herbs or subshrubs; corolla blue to purple or red	506
506*	Flowers in dense terminal clusters, calyx pappus-like, flowers red or white; cultivated plants, rarely naturalized	VALERIANACEAE
506	Flowers ± solitary, blue, calyx not pappus-like; widespread, native species	CAMPANULACEAE
507*	Leaves not palmately lobed; spines absent	508
507	Leaves palmately lobed; stout, curved spines present at most nodes	GROSSULARIACEAE
508*	Stamens opposite the sepals	510
508	Stamens alternating with the sepals (or perianth segments if only 1 whorl present)	509
509*	Stipules absent; leaves opposite or subopposite, glabrous or almost so; fruit a drupe	SANTALACEAE
509	Stipules present (sometimes minute); leaves alternate, hairy, hairs often stellate; fruit a capsule	RHAMNACEAE
510*	Domatia absent; ovary mostly 2–5-locular, rarely 1-locular	511
510	Domatia numerous; ovary 1-locular	CORNACEAE
511*	Shrubs or trees, glabrous or pubescent with simple or T-shaped hairs; ovary 1–5-locular	512
511	Shrubs (sometimes single-stemmed) with stellate hairs; ovary usually 2-locular	ARALIACEAE
512*	Garden escapes, not in rainforest; leaves opposite with margins entire or toothed; flowers >8 mm long	514
512	Native rainforest species; leaves alternate or opposite with toothed margins; flowers <5 mm long	513
513*	Leaves alternate, sparsely hairy on lower surface; fruit red, 1-locular and 1-seeded	ARGOPHYLLACEAE
513	Leaves opposite or alternate, glabrous or silvery-hairy on lower surface; fruit blackish, 2–5-locular and many-seeded or if 1-locular and 1-seeded then leaves opposite	571
514*	Fruit 1-locular, 1-seeded; leaves toothed but flowers not enclosed by bracts	ADOXACEAE
514	Fruit 2–5-locular, many-seeded; leaves either entire or lobed, or if toothed then flowers enclosed by coloured bracts >10 mm long	CAPRIFOLIACEAE
515*	Leaves lacking a sheath and ligule; flowers not enclosed by a palea and lemma and arranged into spikelets	516
515	Leaves usually with an open sheath that surrounds the stem and a ligule usually present at the top of the sheath although often much reduced; flowers enclosed by a palea and lemma and variously arranged into spikelets	POACEAE
516*	Leaves on adult plants not reduced to open sheaths on the aerial stems	517
516	Leaves on adult plants reduced to open sheaths on the aerial stems (sheath sometimes bears a small ± linear lamina)	RESTIONACEAE
517*	Plants herbaceous	524
517	Plants arborescent	518
518*	Leaves simple	519
518	Leaves compound	ARECACEAE
519*	Stems unbranched, or if branched then stilt roots absent	520
519	Stems branched several times; plants with stilt roots	PANDANACEAE
520*	Leaf bases not persistent on the stem	521
520	Leaf bases persistent on the stem	XANTHORRHOEACEAE
521*	Perianth segments >2 cm long; ovary inferior or rarely superior; leaves often succulent and/or spinescent	522
521	Perianth segments <2 cm long; ovary superior; leaves not succulent and spinescent	ASTELIACEAE
522*	Inflorescence capitate or racemose; perianth red or bright pink; leaves entire, apex not spinose but with a drip tip	DORYANTHACEAE
522	Inflorescence paniculate, spreading; perianth white to yellowish or rarely red; leaves with margins toothed, often spinose and apex spinose	523
523*	Scape <1 m high; flowers red	ASPHODELACEAE
523	Scape usually >1.5 m high; flowers white to yellowish	AGAVACEAE
524*	Leaves with parallel venation	527
524	Leaves with reticulate venation; main veins often longitudinal	525
525*	Leaves with petiole shorter than the lamina	ORCHIDACEAE
525	Leaves with petiole as long as or longer than the lamina	526
526*	Flowers in loose panicles or racemes	ALISMATACEAE
526	Flowers in dense cylindrical spikes surrounded by a spathe	ARACEAE
527*	Leaves <4 cm wide	532
527	Leaves 4–10 cm wide	528
528*	Inflorescence borne on a scape much longer than the leaves, often 1–3 m high; leaves radical, without a circular sheath, dilated at the base; stamens 6	530
528	Inflorescence borne among, or slightly exceeding, the leaves; leaves cauline, differentiated into a circular open sheath that surrounds the stem and the lamina, midrib present; stamen 1	529
529*	Leaves not 2-ranked, ligule absent, lateral veins pinnate; anthers with 1 fertile loculus	CANNACEAE
529	Leaves 2-ranked and with a ligule at junction of sheath and lamina, lateral veins almost parallel to the midrib; anthers with 2 fertile loculi	ZINGIBERACEAE
530*	Inflorescence capitate or racemose; leaves entire, not spinose	531
530	Inflorescence paniculate, spreading; leaves with margins and apex spinose	AGAVACEAE
531*	Flowers zygomorphic, perianth white to yellowish, sometimes with darker markings	ORCHIDACEAE
531	Flowers actinomorphic, perianth red or bright pink	DORYANTHACEAE
532*	Leaves all or mostly basal or reduced and bract-like along the aerial stems; flowers commonly borne on a ± leafless scape; underground stems well developed, usually modified into bulbs, corms, tubers or rhizomes	542
532	Leaves well developed, green and scattered along the aerial stem and branches; flowers usually axillary or in small terminal inflorescences; underground stems generally not well developed	533
533*	Plants not forming mats in alpine areas	534
533	Mat-forming perennials of damp alpine flats	ANTHERICACEAE
534*	Stamens 3–6; stamens not fused to the style and stigma to form the column; and flowers not modified with one petal different from others	535
534	Stamen 1, fused to the style and stigma to form the column; staminodes sometimes present; one petal (labellum) different from, and more conspicuous than the others	ORCHIDACEAE
535*	Closed sheath absent; leaves scleromorphic or herbaceous; ovary superior or inferior	537
535	Leaves with a closed basal sheath that encircles the stem; lamina herbaceous, semi-succulent or scleromorphic; ovary superior	536
536*	Fruit a nut, may be suspended by persistent anther filaments; petals not differentiated; leaves scleromorphic, scabrous and often ligulate	CYPERACEAE
536	Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes a nut but then not suspended by filaments; petals coloured; leaves herbaceous or semisucculent, ligule absent	COMMELINACEAE
537*	Leaves with petiole <10 mm long or lamina sessile, petiole not conspicuously twisted; ovary superior	538
537	Leaves with petiole twisted 1800, >10 mm long; ovary inferior	ALSTROEMERIACEAE
538*	Flowers bisexual (rarely unisexual and then the leaves herbaceous); leaves usually herbaceous, rarely scleromorphic	539
538	Flowers unisexual; leaves scleromorphic	LOMANDRACEAE
539*	Filaments neither bearded nor with a conspicuous swelling below the anthers; perianth usually cream or lilac; plants usually <30 cm high	540
539	Filaments densely bearded or with a conspicuous swelling below the anthers; perianth commonly blue, rarely cream; plants >30 cm high	PHORMIACEAE
540*	Fruit a berry; flowers solitary, axillary, stalked	LUZURIAGACEAE
540	Fruit a capsule; flowers in few-flowered cymes or umbels or if solitary then flowers sessile or terminal, rarely axillary and stalked	541
541*	Plants rhizomatous; leaves not with apex tendril-like or with a tubular sheath	UVULARIACEAE
541	Plants with a corm; leaves either with apex tendril-like or with a tubular sheath encircling the stem and broadening of the basal part of the lamina	COLCHICACEAE
542*	Flowers not unisexual and in dense spikes (male above, female below), or flowers not covered by glume-like bracts	549
542	Either flowers unisexual and in dense spikes (male above, female below), or flowers covered by glume-like bracts	543
543*	Flowers not unisexual and in dense elongated or globose heads; individual flower pedicels visible; inflorescence axis visible between individual flowers; individual flowers >5 mm diam	545
543	Flowers unisexual and in dense elongated or globose heads; individual flower pedicels not visible; inflorescence axis visible between clusters but not between individual flowers; individual flowers <5 mm diam	544
544*	Inflorescence of dense globose clusters arranged along the axis; upper clusters male, lower clusters female	SPARGANIACEAE
544	Inflorescence dense spike-like; male flowers above, female flowers below, ± separated by a portion of stem	TYPHACEAE
545*	Perianth segments all similar; inflorescence and leaf bases not as above	546
545	Petals 3, yellow, conspicuous when expanded but short-lived; sepals 3; flowers subtended by wide imbricate bracts, massed into a globose head; leaf bases dilated and mostly dark red-brown or blackish	XYRIDACEAE
546*	Perianth segments <3 mm long, membranous or chaffy or perianth lacking; fruit a capsule or a nut; leaf bases green	547
546	Perianth segments >4 mm long; fruit a berry; at least bases of leaves silvery-hairy	ASTELIACEAE
547*	Perianth lacking or represented by hairs or scales; inflorescence not as above; fruit a capsule or nut	548
547	Perianth members 4 or 6; flowers arranged in dense, convex, button-like heads 6–8 mm diam. on a scape; fruit a capsule	ERIOCAULACEAE
548*	Fruit an indehiscent nut; habit rarely as above, if similar, then the leaves with closed sheaths encircling the stem	CYPERACEAE
548	Fruit a dehiscent capsule; tufted annuals with filiform leaves dilated at the base	CENTROLEPIDACEAE
549*	Ovary inferior or half-inferior	565
549	Ovary superior	550
550*	Perianth of 6 segments in 2 whorls, fused or free; inflorescence variable	552
550	Perianth of 4 segments; inflorescence spicate	551
551*	Stamens 4; flowers actinomorphic, greenish, <3 mm long; inflorescence c. 15 cm long, flowers crowded at end of peduncle c. 1–2 m long	ARACEAE
551	Stamen 1; flowers zygomorphic, yellow or white, >1 cm long; inflorescence > 20 cm long, flowers spread along axis	PHILYDRACEAE
552*	Bulbs absent, rootstock often a rhizome, tuber or corm	555
552	Bulbs present	553
553*	Plants not smelling like onions, inflorescence racemose	554
553	Either plants smelling like onions, or inflorescence umbellate	ALLIACEAE
554*	Scape leafless or only leafy at the base; perianth <6 cm long; bulbs <3 cm diam	HYACINTHACEAE
554	Scape with one or more leaves; perianth >9 cm long; bulb >5 cm diam	LILIACEAE
555*	Flowers bisexual, rarely some unisexual flowers present	556
555	All flowers unisexual, arranged in branched cymes, spikes or semi-globose heads	XANTHORRHOEACEAE
556*	Carpels 3, fused	557
556	Carpel solitary	LILAEACEAE
557*	Perianth white or brightly coloured, >2 mm long; inflorescences and leaves not as above	558
557	Perianth greenish to dark red-brown, usually 1–2 mm long; flowers generally in compound cymes or heads; leaves cylindrical, flat or reduced to sheaths	JUNCACEAE
558*	Style simple, sometimes the stigma shallowly lobed	560
558	Style divided into 3 or 6 distinct segments	559
559*	Style divided into 6 segments; inflorescence racemose, ± among the leaves; leaves >40 cm long; fruit a 6-lobed berry	ASTELIACEAE
559	Style divided into 3 segments; inflorescence umbellate on a scape above the basal leaves; leaves <30 cm long; fruit a 3-lobed capsule	COLCHICACEAE
560*	Perianth segments ± free; flowers generally <2.5 cm long	561
560	Perianth segments fused to form a tube longer than the lobes; flowers usually >2.5 cm long	BLANDFORDIACEAE
561*	Flowers axillary or if terminal then not solitary and sessile; plants not alpine	562
561	Flowers terminal, solitary and sessile; plants forming mats in damp alpine flats	ANTHERICACEAE
562*	Inflorescence racemose, commonly unbranched, flowers, or at least some of them separated, at nodes along the inflorescence axes	563
562	Flowers either pedicellate in terminal umbels, or in dense clusters on scapes, or in ± sessile heads (perianth often spirally twisted after flowering)	ANTHERICACEAE
563*	Filaments attached at or near the base of the anthers, anthers not versatile; leaves flat	564
563	Filaments dorsifixed, anthers versatile; either leaves fleshy and with spinose teeth, or leaves ± terete, sometimes channelled above	ASPHODELACEAE
564*	Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits	ANTHERICACEAE
564	Anthers dehiscing by apical pores	PHORMIACEAE
565*	Stamens 3 or fewer	567
565	Stamens 6	566
566*	Inflorescence shortly racemose, spicate or the flowers solitary; corms or rhizomes present	HYPOXIDACEAE
566	Inflorescence umbellate, rarely flowers solitary on leafless scape; bulbs present	AMARYLLIDACEAE
567*	Stamen 1, fused to the style and stigma to form the column; staminodes sometimes present; one petal (labellum) usually different from, and more conspicuous than the others	ORCHIDACEAE
567	Stamens 3, free from the style; perianth variable, but not as below	568
568*	Ovary inferior; perianth petaloid, generally not purple-black; underground parts of the plant not conspicuously orange or reddish	569
568	Ovary half-inferior; perianth not petaloid, purple-black; underground parts of the plant usually orange or reddish	HAEMODORACEAE
569*	Ovary and fruit not winged; inflorescence spicate or racemose, rarely cymose or flowers solitary; flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic, perianth variously coloured, occasionally blue; leaves >5 cm long	IRIDACEAE
569	Ovary and fruit winged; flowers on one side of a once-forked cyme; flowers actinomorphic, perianth blue; leaves often <5 cm long	BURMANNIACEAE
570	Ovary inferior	ARALIACEAE
570*	Ovary superior	BERBERIDACEAE
571	Leaves silvery-hairy on lower surface	ARGOPHYLLACEAE
571*	Leaves opposite or alternate, glabrous on lower surface	POLYOSMACEAE
572		ESCALLONIACEAE
572*		ROUSSEACEAE
573	Domatia pit-like, mostly in forks of secondary veins; inflorescences corymbose panicles; anthers versatile; seed not grooved	PENNANTIACEAE
573*	Domatia pocket-like, usually confined to axils along primary veins; inflorescences thyrsoid; anthers not versatile; seed grooved	CARDIOPTERIDACEAE

	Compiled and edited by staff of the National Herbarium of New South Wales
	© 1999 – 2009 Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia

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